Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann’s Excavation at Troy :: Anthropology

Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemanns digging at TroyJohann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemanns top executive to challengeacademic establishment make him an appealing so far dubious character.The Germans tardily nineteenth century excavations of Truva are oftenconsidered to have shed new-fashioned light on past memorial or undoubtedly done for(p) a great deal of archaeological data that will ever belost1. Despite the praise and glorification that surrounds theromantic stems of Schliemanns wager his excavations have provedlimited to the phylogenesis of archaeology and ancient history. til nowsome of Schliemanns methodologies have often been consideredsignifi corporationt in context of use to the evolution of both fields. His greatdesire to rely his hypotheses2 has lead to principal(prenominal) ancienthistorical data such as demonstrating Greek refinement hadcommenced approximately one thousand years earlier then oldscholars estimated. Yet Schliemanns excavations of Hissarlik are notcompletely revolutionary to the breeding of ancient history despitethe modernisation of his primitive archaeological techniques and hisability to incorporate mythology in interpreting and formulatingancient history, while several multiplication dismissed itscredibility. Firstly Schliemanns crude methodical techniques are notdefinitive in equality to the works of other archaeologists such as, ecumenic Pitt Rivers. Secondly Schliemanns discovery of an unknowncivilization contributed to the broadening of ancient history.Moreover, Schliemanns ability to see the great value of oral historyand mythology has brought significant development to historicalmethodologies. Finally Schliemanns flawed yet revealingarchaeological techniques has allowed archaeology to improve, inlearning from its mistakes.Firstly Schliemanns contribution to the development of ancienthistory is limited in comparison to that of archaeological pioneerssuch as Pitt Rivers. Rivers, like Schliemann bo th avoided the stigmaas treasure hunters in their pursuit for knowledge of theantiquities. However Schliemanns misadventure to seek perfection andaccuracy questions his place in true archaeological circles. HistorianGeoffrey Arnott comments, the accuracy of his excavation reportscanbe questioned, most hard with regard to Troy. Schliemannsprimitive and simplistic techniques involving the destruction ofvarious ruins do not deserve monumental credit. Historian WellingtonKing comments on the problematic nature of Schliemanns excavations,Schliemanns great desire to affirm his hypotheses to provide theevidence for the answers he created, is also his greatest weakness and marhe often conducted his archaeological work in a passingunethical manner, and a manner that could even compromise thearchaeological truth of his finds.In contrast, Rivers practised methods of perfection by comparingorganic evolution to cultural development and developing futurearchaeological generic fundamental pri nciple such as typology. His purpose,therefore, was not concentrated on collecting artefacts only if fordisplay, but in order to create a complex system of evidence tooutline history.3 By contrast, men such as Pitt Rivers can be

Oscar Mayer Case Study

1. ) At first, Marcus McGraw found the ch entirelyenge so complex and dictum it a difficult task because he had non sat deck to put down the ideas on paper and evaluate the situation c befully. He was average thinking of the difficult task ahead and not how to invade the problem. He was missing parts of the puzzle, he was not evaluating anything as save or trying to formulate or implement any strategy. He had no option, no solution immediately after he sound out the McTiernan report. He had not d cardinal any strategic planning thus, his prospect was different than after he had read the memos.After reading the memos from his colleagues, he cognize that he could count on them since they had great(p) ideas and were persons with great capability for these types of cin one caserns and issues, peculiarly when he read the one of his long duration colleague and friend. McGraw pursues that finish reservation process of gathering information, generating ideas, looking at the pro s and cons of the situation that Oscar Mayer faces by his associates. He follows them and his bear in mind guides him knowing that he can trust on his department managers. Marcus McGraw purses a decision making that is transp bent.He does not go for entirely one department he follows all quadruplet managers. He was unbiased in this way and was a good strategy as tumesce since the managers give that merchandise-driven strategy which is healthy for the firm. They are headspring market-oriented and are subject to distinguish the capabilities of Oscar Mayer just as they are able to match the guest value requirements to capabilities. They were cognizant that the market is more rivalrous, they as well pointed out that introducing wise lines of product could bring prosperity to Oscar Mayer, which is one of the suggestions that McTiernan had brought up.Therefore, McGraws decision making process of taking the ideas of all four managers was a wise one. 2. ) If McGraw chooses the favors of whole one department whence he is risking all different departments. In a business you cannot only favor and clothe in one department only. All departments are important components for success of the business. If you only centre on one department, then the other departments pull up stakes eventually knit thus the company is losing on other areas in the market where dough can be made.This also supposes that the firm no daylong has that diversity in products which reflects negatively on the company. McGraw can mitigate the defile by amend each of the departments so that they become more competitive in the market. He could also diversify in products just as was recommended by a couple of his managers thus making him a hooligan competitor on the market if adequately and carefully strategized. He result surely hold to invest quite a lot on publicise and promotion which will reduce their profits in the concise term however, they will experience growth and profi ts in the long-term.As mentioned, once each department is remediated and with the right strategy, Oscar Mayer will benefit and improve the sectors of quality, quantity and price. They have done it before and the can only be better and will concentrate in satisfying consumers needs and wants. 3. ) showtime of all, lets list the Strengths and Weaknesses. Strengths Well-known provoker, Technology Skills in R&D, Strong Distribution Channels, Relatively advanced Market Share, High Profit Margin, Successful History and Product Diversification. Weaknesses Relatively High Price, not Healthy (High fat content).Oscar Mayer has a relatively high market serving already, and a relatively low market growth. Due to its strengths, it already has a high market share and due to its weakness and the new edit out in the market which is looking for products with lower fat (healthier), and lower prices, Oscar Mayer is losing its market growth. This is obviously a great threat to Oscar Mayer in t erms of opposition since the consumers are now looking for lower prices in those products, as well as healthier fondnesss. This is detrimental to the firm on its entirety as fewer products sold would mean fewer bargains which mean less(prenominal) profit.The controversy also affects the second grunge since the decrease in sale of the Oscar Mayer products also affects Louis fecund as it is looked as a total, thus Louis prosperous revenues are compensating for the loss in Oscar Mayer. The investment decision then will change. The objectives are to increase annual production growth over the side by side(p) three years by 4% in volume. Products will need to be reduced due to the competition so this affects how much to invest in quality and on the outstanding strength on Louis Rich in order to keep up the good record.There is much advertising and promotion to do therefore they might have to lower the calculate figures for this expense if sales decrease. They need to advertise on the already breathing products, such as the health aspect of it, as well as on new products that will be produced. Therefore Oscar Mayer needs to go over that they can prosper in the competition with all the expense that waits. 4. ) From the four departmental options, Jim Longstreets advice conceivems more viable. Not only was Jims advice an effective one, but his ideas also passed McTiernans wish for improved convenience.What Jim is doing by this is what is called differentiation Strategy. The firm will provide a superior carrying into action product uniquely designed to provide value to their target interview and is well appreciated by them. Oscar Mayer will also use their strengths to tiller this strategy a successful one. Having used their strong ability of R&D, they are already aware of who the target audience is and what that are looking for. Two products have been designed for their needs which are Zappetites and Lunchables. With this innovation, Oscar Mayer has al l the potential and resources to remain the leader.The second best strategy I would scan is Jane Morelys idea. To obtain smaller companies that are competent and provide well-nighthing Oscar Mayer does not provide is indeed a good strategy. The only disadvantage is that OM would have to increase their debt to acquire these companies not being on the whole sure if these companies would conform to. denote and packaging would also have its cost, however it doesnt mean it wint benefit in the longer run. Thos have their benefits they hold great value when you count on consumer convenience and stigma growth.If the companies succeed then automatically there are great sales increases which bring to the highest degree profit. The least viable would be Robs idea of condescension Louis Rich. Having all the strengths and the brand name of Oscar Mayer and just letting it go would be not just a waste but a gigantic loss. OM has had the majority of the companys profits for a long time and has been the leading brand. For one, LR is increasing but at a slow pace. thence advertisements will be a huge expense which of course does not mean that it will increase the volume of sales.Therefore centralizing in just one brand, LR would not be a good idea for Oscar Mayer. 5. ) With the statistics effrontery we can observe that McGraw wants a 15% increase on operational income dapple the managers are projecting a decrease of 5. 2% from the menses year. If McGraw were to keep his A&P budget the same as last years, he would save $32MM over the managers projections. Therefore,one solution could be to effectively use the strengths of the product lines and the AP dollars by consolidating his sub-divisions.The subdivision Performance table demonstrates exactly where the successes and failures of each sub-division are, and also shows their strengths and weaknesses. We can see that A P for Oscar Mayer has been decreasing and operating income increasing slowly. On the other han d, Louis Richs A P expense has been increasing while operating income has also been increasing by a great difference. This is also a key factor in the success of LR and partly, although not much, wherefore OM has had a decrease in sales.Another factor in the decrease of Oscar Mayer brand is due to consumer apparent movement as well as increased competition in the market. Oscar Mayer has so far opted to lose market share rather than lower its price. Based on the analysis, there is more to lose ifthe Oscar Mayer brand is allowed to wilt over the Louis Rich Brand. Giving up on Oscar Mayer would mean losing its well realised, well recognized OM brand name and its equity. May be even future profitability may be lost if the trend towards white meat is only a temporary one.This can be seen inMcTiernans Report on consumer satisfaction survey, in which the red meat out performs in overall taste and compares well with respect to convenience. Therefore, another(prenominal) strategy is to build up the Oscar Mayer Brand, to merge the Louis Rich brand down the stairs Oscar Mayer, for example co-brand, and to introduce new packaging of their products (e. g. Lunchables and Zappetites), some white and some red meat to recapture the lostmarket share. To consolidate the diffusion and A&P spending around the Oscar Mayers well established brand.Actions In accordancewith the above strategy we would suggest that Oscar Mayer and Louis Rich Brand modify and develop an integrated strategy which would require altering the exist branding strategy to accommodate the consumer trends, to extend the product line and to competitively price the OM products. Oscar Mayer needs to also not lose the taste when improving the quality of the product healthier, which is another step that would be taken and at the same time be convenient. By maintaining the quality it already is impart its part to success.Another strategic goal is to achieve is long term gains and zip brand growth. With al l this said, we need not to forget to invest in LR in order for the brand to grow as well. 6. ) Of the two products Jim Longstreet suggested, I believe Lunchables is less likely to succeed especially since they are completely new to this product. Unlike Zappetites they had previously done Stuff n Burgers so they do have an idea of how to approach the new product. Zappetites would create original products that could also be used for lunch by certain consumers who impulse hat ready to eat product. Lunchables would be more difficult to succeed due to all the details that a lunch entails and the different wants of the consumers. They are already thinking of packing a chocolate treat with it as well not everyone eats or likes chocolates. Another issue with Lunchables is the ingredients. both(prenominal) of the ingredients they would want to use have a short shelf liveliness which would turn away many consumers. We need to keep in mind that everyone is different and have a different t aste, many individuals are picky.

Chapter Essay

What do you deem atomic number 18 the prime advantages and disadvantages of discipline City Corporations virtual tryouts? The advantages of victimisation virtual tryouts be competitive pungency against other companies. Allows them to pick candidates better suited for their c whole on environment, allows candidates the knowledge that they ar applying for a alliance that is at the cutting edge of technology and they want to move forward with the judgment of convictions.Unfortunately there are also disadvantages associated with virtual tryouts. Employers may grab the interest of candidates, however if true(a) day to day activities at work do not discontinue some of the aspects that the virtual test had, then employees impart have got benumbed and quit. 2. Do you think there would be any EEO concerns regarding this system? I dont think there would be any EEO issues with this system, differently it would not be offered in the market.However I do believe that this new syst em Virtual Tryouts is not necessarily right for all hiring aspects for every type of position/ company. There are aspects of a finished employee to company match that a computer test cannot guarantee. Example, you can shake up a candidate that gets great results in the virtual tryouts given the bit that they are told to address, yet in the real day to day military post of the position they do not do very well, and vice-versa. 3. Would you suggest the company run up its system for different types of candidates?Yes, I recommend that the company tailor its system for the different types of positions and the different types of candidates required to fill those positions. Chapter 8 eccentric person Study Appraising Employees at the San Diego Zoo. 1. Do you think the San Diego Zoos old appraisal system needed to be changed? I think it needed to be changed because before they werent taking it seriously and it was a low priority to them. Now with the new system the employees go forth get raises depending on their performance which in turn will ncrease company performance. 2. What do you think are the pros and cons of using a Web-based appraisal system? The pros of using a web-based appraisal system is that it is convenient because a large congregation of people can be rated in less time and it will control personal bias. The cons of using a web-based appraisal system is that it gives also little attention to the overall performance of workers and in person interviews are more effective in rewarding or pointing out deficiencies in workers. 3.How do you think the new appraisal system will strickle employees and the types of employees who work at the zoo? The new appraisal system will affect employees positively for those employees that are looking to grow with the company and be a part of the growth. When an employee is given targets and goals to reach, then they know what they are functional towards and they are aware that if they reach the targets and goals there is a gain for them at the end. With this set, you will get employees that are willing to do the work and the time to get a job done right.

Related literature on food carts Essay

Getting a food walker immunity parcel what ar the advantages? Why food hand drag in Franchise? Potential licencees sometimes wonder if franchising is a necessary process, and may ask why they couldnt simply start a vexation on their own. The findings of the government conjure that franchisees enjoy a significant competitive advantage over the complete or single business operators. They showed a accept that 88% of franchise companies which opened in the previous five years were mollify in business under the same owner and wholly 4% of these businesses failed. Also, a survey in that same article showed 60% percent of all in all new businesses that started over a 10 year period dissolve within their first six years. The percentages of success may vary with the study and that there maybe other studies out there but still reach same conclusion most suggest that a franchised business have a higher chance of success than independent, start-al unrivaled businesses.Here are some of the advantages of having a provender cart franchise Food cart franchise are cheaper and have less lease or involve cost. Food cart franchise are transferable, since they can be travel easily or if the side is not profitable. Food cart franchise are easy to operate and manage.Food cart franchise requires one to two personnel only.Food cart franchise demand a small space/location so it is easier to find one. Food cart franchise are easy to maintain, lowering overhead costs. Food cart franchise are ideal for businesses offering limited products or operate. Food cart franchise can capture a wider market because location is along the walkways of malls and commercial centers. Expansion is easy since it take aims less capital.Reasons bestow to this includeA food cart franchise is a replicate or duplicate, if you may, of an already successful business. The true treasure of a food cart franchise is the experience, know-how, and the operation procedures that comes with it. In fran chising, there is the value added advantage of brand name recognition. There are similarly tolerate structure from the franchise company that the franchisee can take advantage of. A franchise avoids the costly trial-and-error periods that causes so many start-up businesses to fail and reason out up.http//franchisebusinessphilippines.com/why-food-cart-franchise-business/The Effect of the Marketing Practices on small shops in South African townships i.) A complete paradigm shift in managerial thinking, in terms of service quality deliverance through the continual facts of life and training of staff in fields such as client care, client satisfaction and customer service. ii.) The product offering needs to be more consistent and reliable, ensuring that an overall perception is created within the minds of consumers. Attention needs to be given to details (such as checking expiry dates) in delivering services and products. iii.) owners/managers need to spend more time building relati onships with their customers.This will support in receiving regular feedback from customers in terms of customer satisfaction. It helps to develop customer loyalty as customers enjoy personalized attention. Shops in Mdantsane should, therefore, be more sensitive to the unique needs of their customers. iv.) The pricing policy of the shops in Mdantsane should also be based on accepted accounting procedures and not only on intuition.Owners/managers of shops in Mdantsane implyd low levels of adoption of the merchandising strategy concept. This suggests that an fortune exists for these owners or managers to be educated on how to adopt marketing strategies that farm profitability. Furthermore, grocery shop owners/managers also regarded price as the most valuable aspect when applying the marketing strategy mix. This implies that grocery shops in Mdantsane compete mainly based on price. According to the study findings, these grocery shops also need to adopt the other 3 Ps of the marke ting strategy, namely product, belongings and packaging in order to be more profitable. The owners/managers of grocery shops did, however, indicate that they lack the necessary funds to embark on extensive marketing practices.

Economics and Global Business Applications Essay

Elasticity of command is a measure of responsiveness to a footing counter heighten of a good or go. When motive is bouncy, the constituent of a toll wobble of a product leave behind run in a larger percentage of quantity needed (McConnell, p 77). It essentially agency reducing the price of a good service go away result in a greater quantity beseeched and an increase in revenue for the seller. When demand is inelastic, a change in price will result in a reduction of quantity demanded, which will accordingly lead to a revenue diminish (McConnell, p 77). To demonstrate elastic and inelastic demand results,Company A sells 100 pens at $1.00 a piece each day, making their revenue $100.00. Company A indeed decides to sell their pens at $.50, which results in a summarise of 250 pens being sold. The total revenue from the price recede is $125, resulting in an additional $25.00 therefore the demand in this scenario is elastic. If selling the pens at the decreased price of $.50 would result in more pens being sold, but less total revenue, the demand is give tongue to to inelastic. According to McConnell, when demand in building block elastic, the percentage change in price and the resulting percentage changes in demand atomic number 18 the same. The change in price will not increase or decrease revenue. dawn price shot measures the response of demand to a change in price of another stand-in or complimentary good (McConnell, p. 87). backlog goods atomic number 18 goods that can be leveragingd in place of another good. Examples of supercede goods are sal soda ( get Coke vs. Pepsi), computers, and potato chips. A positive coer up elasticity of demand means the increase of price in peerless good, for display case Coca-Cola, will increase the demand of a substitute good, for example Pepsi.As the price for Coke increases, consumers are more liable(predicate) to purchase Pepsi at a lower price, thereby increasing its demand. Complementary good s are items that are typically purchased in conjunction within ace another. Examples are ringed binders and notebook paper, pencils and erasers, and potato chips and dip. A negative cross elasticity of demand in complementary goods means that the increase in price of one good, an example being potato chips, will decrease the demand for the complementary product that goes with it, the dip.Income elasticity measures the responsiveness of consumers to changes in their incomes (McConnell, p 88). get hold of for normal goods tends to increase as consumers incomes increase and conversely, demand for inferior goods tends to decrease as consumers income increases.Demand is elastic where there is a large availability of substitutes. The reason for this as the price of a good increases, if there is a large measuring rod of substitutes for this particular good, the consumer will choose the substitute. As discussed earlier, soda is an excellent example of this elasticity. Airline tickets ar e another example. As one airline raises its cost of a ticket or to even comport for a bag to be checked, a consumer will more likely choose a cheaper ticket or an airline that doesnt flush for baggage over the original. If there is no (or a very hold in) measuring stick of substitutes for a good, elasticity is utter to be negative. A price change in medication will not likely change the demeanor of a consumer relative to demand since there isnt a substitute to taking the medication. Household utilities are another example of a limited amount of substitutes.In discussing the proportion if ones income devoted to a good concept, the household budget comes into play. In a given month, households consecrate for many different good and services. A change in price may or may not walk out the households demand for those goods and services. Often, it is conditional on how much of the household budget is devoted to that good or service. Mobile phone service is an excellent example o f a service that will approximately likely have a large amount of a household budget dedicated to it. A change in price in the cell phone service will most likely result in that family making a closing to change to a cheaper service, since that will have a large impact on their budget. On the other hand, that same household may purchase fairylike bulbs each month. The amount of money dedicated to the purchase of light bulbs is so small, that a price increase will not likely affect the budget, therefore the family will not likely make a decision to change to a cheaper bulb.The concept of time when discussing demand is important. When a consumer has a large amount of time to decide on the purchase of a good or service, the elasticity is positive. Conversely, if there is little time, the elasticity is said to be negative. According to McConnell, and excellent example of this is gasoline for automobiles. Gasoline prices change daily and more often than not, prices rise. A family, who owns a car and is pendent on that car for work, etc, will not likely stop buying gas in the sort-term, because it is crucial to their everyday living. However, that family over a dour period of time may decide to find alternate means of travel, decreasing their demand for gas.Using the graphs for elasticity of demand and total revenue, areas of elasticity, inelasticity and unit elasticity have been identified. Demand is elastic between the prices of $80.00 and $50.00, meaning the demand increases as the price decreases, resulting in an increase of total revenue. Between the prices of $50.00 and $40.00, the demand in unit elastic, meaning the percentage of drop in price resulted in the same percentage of increase in demand. Revenue remained same(predicate) in this price range. Between the prices of $40.00 and $0, the demand is inelastic, meaning the price drop has resulted in an increase in demand, but not enough to over come the decrease. Total revenue has been negatively impact ed.

Polaroid Case Analysis

IIM Indore Polaroid stack European Distribution system Logistics Management system Submitted to Prof. S. Venkatramanaiah Group 2 AludaiyaarasuAsvin VMohan M S Prabu PRajasekar VijayaraghavanSrinivasan DK. M. Venkatraj Synopsis Polaroid Corporation, headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, was a company market placeed a wide variety of instant photographic products for consumers and industries. After the deregulation of US motor industry consolidation of the havehouses in US took place, which resulted in an ameliorate assistant level and reduced lives.Overwhelmed by the consolidation results, the management treasured to consolidate the subsidiaries wargonhouses in the Europe to a have dissemination. There were near Twelve European subsidiaries each where headed by general manager. Of that France, Germany, Italy and United ground together have accounted 70 80% of the sales. The Polaroid had three primary fruit areas in Vale of Leven, Scotland, Enschede, Netherlands a nd one in Cambridge itself. The site at Enschede as well as served as a central distribution site and export halfway known as International Distribution center (IDSC) that served all the internationalist subsidiaries.Each European subsidiary had their own warehouse to cater as a buffer and for customizing the orders, special packaging and rush orders. As the measures for the economic consolidation of the European Community also made the aim distribution as an impetus option which could be used to save the transportation cost by 25%. But there was a resistance by the general managers of the European subsidiaries because of various problems like layoff, Buffer reduction, depriving the responsibility and preceding(prenominal) all, they felt that IDSC management team didnt had the management skill. They were also deist about the outcome after implementation.Tom carrol, carryor of International Distribution and customer service had dissimilar options before him. Like total hand over to a triplet party or implement the direct centralized distribution. For Direct distribution, in the first place, he was contemplating in picking the first subsidiary to be centralized among the different options of Austria, UK, Italy and Germany Case Analysis Problem Statement For in force(p) implementation of centralised warehouse system in Europe for trim the operational cost in spite of mounting opposition from the normal Managers of European subsidiaries Options hobby are the different distribution system put in to serve the European subsidiaries from Enschede, 1. To upgrade present IDSC warehouse to handle direct distribution to all the European Subsidiaries 2. To have a central ware house in Enschede and two satellite regional warehouse in southern France and a facility in Denmark 3. To allow a ternary party logistic provider to handle the direct distribution and warehouse in addition to the transportation service Reasons for opposition to plan Following are the d ifferent concern raised by the General Managers of all in all the European Subsidiaries, 1.Doubt on the capability of the ISDC in Encshede to handle the requirements of all the European subsidiaries 2. Concern on lose of flexibility to respond to changes in the market which the subsidiaries considered the reason for their success 3. There is no financial benefit seen in reducing the stock list level as the subsidiaries are not charged for the inventory they hold 4. Doubt on whether the cost savings quoted could be hitd 5. Loss of warehouse was seen as substantial loss in their source 6. Subsidiaries considered the quality of Enschede as weak 7.Will lose a buffer among central distribution system and the customers 8. ISDC blamed for inbound transportation delays 9. body politic specific objections like, a. Idiosyncrasies of trucking industry in Italy would make it difficult to do business differently b. Belgium and Netherland has achieved direct distribution only because of th e fact that they had beautiful sales volume and they were located close to Enschede 10. Opposition from Unions in different subsidiaries against the layoff could cause serious problems like risque severance package and accomplishable strikes Benefits Of Centralized storage warehouse systemBy implementing Centralized warehouse system, Polaroid would achieve a net annual savings of $5. 7 zillion. Savings done reduction of workforce will be $2. 5 Million and store rental savings will be $1 Million Factors backing Central Warehousing 1. Successful implementation in US and savings derived 2. Forthcoming liberalization of cross-border transportation 3. Efforts by Logistic providers for pan-European service capabilities 4. function liberalization transportation in Europe would reduce by 5-25% Analyzing overhaul Demand patternCountry Photographic Dealers Hypermarkets/Retailers Warehouse Wholesalers Special Markets Direct service Nature of Service Demand (Remarks) France 70% 20% 1 0% - - 1) Shipment of products directly to individual 2) Direct deli very(prenominal) to retail outlets & angstrom unitretail establishments Germany 0% 85% 90% 10%-15% - - 1) Highly demanding compared to other(a) European subsidiary 2) Strongly opposed late or broken orders Italy 45% 10% 40% 5% Characterized most flexible UK - 20% 45% 20% 35% Some of Accounts considered extremely demandingFrom above defer we could infer that Germany and France are seeking high level of service which calls for high operational cost. So if Central warehouse system is being enforced it would be better if they first start with Italy as the customers are not much demanding and also the account size is equivalent to other subsidiary. The undefeated implementation in ITALY would act as good reference point. Analyzing Candidates for executingCountry Positive Factors Negative factors Other Remarks UK Extensive support from celestial pole Bishop, Manager UK Servicing customers considered risky as se a transport necessary Stringent service requirement from Bishop Austria Small Account Located further from ISDC Success in Austria will not have great regard as the account served is low Italy Product Theft in musical passage Low service level demanded. Customers highly flexible Memorandum Regarding distribution From above table and from service demand pattern it can be clearly seen that Italy would be the best option for rolling the plan as 1.Much of the demand arises from the dealers ( 20 main dealers) and 45% from Wholesalers , therefore the cost of servicing would be less as compared to UKs some of the important accounts which calls for greater service 2. Also the customers in Italy are flexible which implies that they will affirm the poor service quality in initial period of direct distribution implementation Analyzing Net inventory level and Order, Line contain rate Country Line carry out rate Order film rate Net scrutinise level ($ in Million) France 97% 91% 6. 1 Ge rmany 92% 69% 4. 53 UK 92% 75% 4. 32 Italy 76% 51% 6. 28 From above table it is clear that though the inventory level in Italy is very high they have very low order and line strike rate. This shows a poor inventory management system and also improper ordering of SKUs which mightiness not be moving I the market. Therefore Italy seems to be a best candidate for implementing the Centralized distribution as the presence of Warehouse does not add much value to the business.Conclusion Polaroid can go for Centralized Warehouse management strategy, to start with Italy and then slowly moving to other subsidiaries like France and Germany where service demand level is very high. Also Polaroid should manner for the option of including third party logistics because they will have expertise in managing warehousing and transportations better than Polaroid. Calculations Given data 1. France , Germany, Italy and UK make nearly 70% t0 80% European sales 2.Total European sales = $504. 5 Million 3. gross sales of Germany = 30% of total European sales 4. COGS/ Total sales ratio = 0. 5073 ( from exhibit 1) Assumptions made 1. 70% of European sales are equally contributed by UK, France and Italy 2. bonny price per unit = $125 3. Average inventory value= $ 7. 12 million ( based on troop 7) Parameters /Country Germany France UK Italy Sales ($) (in Millions) 151. 35 117. 72 117. 72 117. 72 Sales (Units) 1210800 941733 941733 941733Distribution channel Wholesaler (10-15%) Retailers (85%) Specialty (70%) photographic dealers Hyper markets (20%) Wholesalers (10%) Wholesalers (45%) Direct service (20%) Retailers (15%) Photographic dealers (45%) Wholesalers (40%) Hypermarkets (10%) Special markets (5%) Current Capability consecrate Warehouse Dedicated Warehouse Dedicated Warehouse Dedicated Warehouse Line fill rate 95% 95% 94% 88% Order Fill rate 81% 90% 94% 62% Annual Inventory turn 11 8 8 8 Labour savings (in 1000 $) 570 488 242 243 Facilities savings (in 1000 $) 150 300 150 -

Pschological assessment Essay

Section AWrite an essay on the process you would follow in develop a mental discernment bar. Discuss the steps that you would take in this process, including how you would choose full points for your running, how you would evaluate the dependableness and lustiness of your tally, and the issue of establishing norms. Discuss the theory comprehensively and illustrate your sympathy with an ex free radical Ale or examples. IntroductionThe process of developing a psychological trial run is a complex and lengthy adept. ( Foxcroft & Roodt, 2001) but aspects cogitate to the planning of a psychological give the sackvas be not ever so sufficiently emphasised and whatsoevermagazines not mentioned at all ( Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 1997). When the stress is to be apply in a multi hea thus context, financial aid inescapably to be paid to the cultural relevance (and potential bias) of the examine right from the planning and forge phase instead of only cosmos sensitive to cu ltural aspects from the dot writing phase onwards.Also presumption that we do not convey a long history of developing culturally appropriate running games applicable to diverse groups in South Africa, try out developers bespeak to grapple with basic issues such as what methods of turn up disposition might be appropriate or inappropriate for certain cultural groups and what speech to develop the ravel in, for example. More time needs to be spent in the planning phase exploring and critically considering rivulet design issues.Planning phaseThe first and most most-valuable step in developing psychological measures is the planning phase. Planning involves writing out the form of what one considers to achieve. C arful though needs to go into deciding on the aim of the measure, defining the topic of the measure and key elements of the tribulation plan. a test plan consists of the following aspects (a) desexualiseing the purpose and rationale for the test as salutary as t he intended tar progress to population, (b) defining the draw (content domain) and creating a set of test specifications to guide detail writing, (c) choosing the test put, (d) choosing the degree format, and (e) specifying the ecesis and scoring methods (Robertson, 1990).Specifying the aim of the measureThe first step is to state the aim of the measure, the piss I give habituate and how the outcome bequeath be engage. If I am conducting this resume in South Africa I ordain besides need to mention that the measure pull up stakesing be apply in a multicultural society. I would need to elaborate on what I mean by multicultural by highlighting the context. I would state the age of the test takers and their educational status. The info concluded supra is important beca manipulation it whitethorn have an impact on the test specifications and design. I would need to state whether the test would be paper-based or computer-based.When that decision is answer I would need t o consider whether the test-takers are beaten(prenominal) with such tests. The test takers may underperform on the valuation because they are not practised in the promoter of measure. This may impact the validness of the study to be conducted. I would also need to jibe whether the test will be administered singlely or in a group setting.Because psychological draws are brewed in western societies, the emphasis is on individualism. When operative in a multicultural society, however, it is important to consider the norms of the society I would be running(a) in. In some acculturations, for example, the group identity is honourd over the individual identity. This could have an effect on the content of the measure. Defining the content of the measureHere I need to figure out what I necessity to measure and why. This will show me what to focus on during the other steps. A working definition of the construct is needed. This includes identifying exactly what I aim to get out of this research study. To do this I need to embark on a comprehensive literature review. I will see how my musical theme has been investigated in the past and spot the gaps. I can now make the decision on whether I am conducting a new study or adapting an existing study into the South African context.Later I will need to make the same decision on the instrument I will use for data gathering. Since I would be working in South Africa, I need to decide on whether name norms should be developed for test takers from advantaged and disadvantaged schooling backgrounds and/or for urban and rural areas. I would assemble a team of content, lyric poem and cultural experts to scrutinise the content being developed. Nell (1994) states that language is a critical moderator varying of test performance.If the test taker is not proficient in that language, it is difficult to ascertain whether poor performance is due to language or communication encumbrance or that the test-taker has a low le vel of the construct being measured. I would produce the test in a bilingual format and specify the source language. Work would need to be done to moderate that the construct is meaningful for all(prenominal) group. Developing the test plan (specifications)Once the construct to be assessed has been defined and operationalised, a decision needs to be reached regarding what nest will be employed to guide the development of the test content and specifications. Decisions will be made regarding the format to be used (open-ended items, forced-choice items etc.), how they will be patsyd (objective or subjective tests), and whether time limits will be imposed. The language and cultural experts are once again needed during this step.Sometimes psychological constructs, conceptualised in western society, do not have a know equivalent in African discourse. For such constructs the translated stochastic variable would need to formulate the construct in a way that is closest to the incline meaning. This will require more time for the African language test taker. The test specification should eliminate the possibility of construct bias. The format therefore needs to be standardised for a variety of cultural groups or it should at least include items that will be considered easy, moderate and difficult by all groups.Although these steps follow after each other, I will need to go backwards and forwards to ensure content and construct validity.Item writingThe second step is item writing. Once the test specifications have been finalised, the team of experts writes or develops the items. The trend in South Africa has been to plain adapt an already made test to accommodate South African test takers. This is not necessarily the easier option. Firstly, concepts are not always mum in the same way in divergent societies. For example, the term feeling is sometimes taken to mean with very sad in some societies. It is therefore important to ensure construct validity even f or an English test given to English mother tongue speakers of a different society to that of the tests origin.If the opinion measure will be administered to children, face validity will be ensured through the use of big writing, use of color in and drawings. The length of the items should also be considered. With every step of items writing dependability is ensured.Reviewing the itemsAn item bank is then developed and items reviewed in terms of whether they take over the content specification and whether they are well written. Items which do not march the specifications are removed from the bank before it can be used to generate criteria-referenced tests. The team of experts should focus on both content validity and indicate whether the items are from stereotyping and potential bias. The experts will then return the item list with recommendations. They will need to be re-written or revised.Assembling and pre-testing the data-based variant of the measureItems need to be arrang ed in a logical way. Since we are dealing with a multicultural society, we need to ensure that the items are balanced and on appropriate pages. The length of the items in each category needs to be finalised. For long problems based items, time adjustments need to be made. A decision would have been made with regards to whether the test is paper-based or computer-based. The appropriate apparatus needs to be made available. The Pre-testing the experimental version of the measureThe test items have to be administered to a large group of examinees. This sample should be representative of the population for which the eventual test is intended. This will be the norm group.Items analysis phaseDuring this phase items are chequered for relevance. Again we see if each item is reliable and valid to the study. The characteristics of the items can be evaluated using the classical test theory or the item response theory. At the item level, the CTT model is relatively simple. CTT does not el icit a complex theoretical model to relate an examinees ability to success on a particular proposition item. Instead, CTT collectively considers a pool of examinees and empirically examines their success rate on an item (assuming it is dichotomously scored).This success rate of a particular pool of examinees on an item, well known as the p value of the item, is used as the exponent for the item difficulty (actually, it is an inverse indicator of item difficulty, with higher value indicating an easier item). The ability of an item to discriminate between higher ability examinees and let down ability examinees is known as item discrimination, which is often expressed statistically as the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient between the scores on the item (e.g., 0 and 1 on an item scored right-wrong) and the scores on the total test. When an item is dichotomously scored, this estimate is often computed as a point-biserial correlation coefficient.IRT, on the other hand, is mo re theory grounded and models the probabilistic distribution of examinees success at the item level. As its name indicates, IRT primarily focuses on the item-level information in contrast to the CTTs primary focus on test-level information. The IRT framework encompasses a group of models, and the applicability of each model in a particular situation depends on the nature of the test items and the viability of different theoretical assumptions somewhat the test items.Revising and standardizing the final version of the measureOnce the soft and quantitative information has been gathered, the test is administered to the large sample for standardization. All the items that were prime to be unclear are simplified. Vocabulary and grammar is corrected. Split-half reliability is assessed. The translated version is check into through back adaptation (into the source language). The items are finalised for the test. The final database is used to check on reliability and validity. The a dministration and scoring instruction may need to be modified. Then the final version is administered.Technical evaluation and establishing normsThe items can be analysed using the item response theory. The characteristics of each item may be represented graphically be means of a graph which relates an individuals ability score with their probability of passing the items. Items with large variances are selected. The scores obtained by the norm group in the final test form are referred to as the norms of the test. To compare an individuals score with the norms, their raw score will be converted to the same course of derived score as that in which the test norms are reported (e.g. percentile ranks, McCalls T scores etc). Publishing and ongoing refinementsA test manual is compiled before a measure published. The manual should make information on the psychometric properties of the test easily understandable. It will be updated from time to time as more information haves available.Secti on B attend the steps that should be followed in the adaption of an sound judgement measure for cross-cultural employment and briefly explain what each step means. 1. Reasons for adapting measures Cross-cultural assessment has become a sensitive issue due to specific concerns regarding the use of a similar(p) tests across cultures.By adapting an instrument, the researcher is able to compare the already-existing data with newly acquired data, thus allowing for cross-cultural studies both on the national and international level. Adaptations also can conserve time and expenses (Hambleton, 1993). Test adaptation can pinch to increased fairness in assessment by allowing individuals to be assessed in the language of their choice (Hambleton & Kanjee, 1995).2. Important considerations when adapting measuresThe test can be compromised if there are problems between the test takers and the administrator. The administrator should therefore familiar with the culture of the test-taker . They cannot take it for granted that the test taker will be receptive to the format of the test. This could lead to the score representing a lack of skill with regards to the format of the test instead of measuring the construct being assessed. Some languages, like isiZulu, require more time to be spent reading therefore would require more time to complete.3. Designs for adapting measuresBefore selecting an assessment instrument for use in counseling or research, counselors and researchers are trained to verify that the test is appropriate for use with their population. This includes investigation of validity, reliability, and appropriate norm groups to which the population is to be compared. Validity and reliability take on additional dimensions in cross-cultural testing as does the question of the appropriate norm group. The instrument essential be validly adapted, the test items must have conceptual and linguistic equivalence, and the test and the test items must be bias free (Fouad, 1993 Geisinger, 1994). cardinal basic methods for test adaptation have been identified forward translation and back-translation. In forward translation, the pilot test in the source language is translated into the target language and then bilinguals are asked to compare the original version with the adapted version (Hambleton, 1993 1994). In back-translation, the test is translated into the target language and then it is re-translated back to the source language. This process can be repeated some(prenominal) times. Once the process is complete, the final back-translated version is compared to the original version (Hambleton, 1994). all(prenominal) of these adaptation processes has their strengths and limitations.4. Bias analysis and differential item functioning other issue that must be considered in cross-cultural assessment is test bias. The test user must ascertain that the test and the test items do not systematically discriminate against one cultural group or anothe r. Test bias may occur when the contents of the test are more familiar to one group than to another or when the tests have differential predictive validity across groups (Fouad, 1994). Culture plays a world-shattering role in cross-cultural assessment.Whenever tests developed in one culture are used with another culture there is the potential for misapprehension and stagnation unless cultural issues are considered. Issues of test adaptation, test equivalence and test bias must be considered in order to fully utilize the benefit of cross-cultural assessment.5. Steps for maximizing success in test adaptionHembleton (2004) summarised nine key steps that should be addressed when adapting or translating assessment instruments.6. Challenges related to test adaption in south AfricaA disadvantage of adaptation includes the risk of imposing conclusions based on concepts that exist in one culture but may not exist in the other. in that location are no guarantees that the concept in the source culture exists in the target culture (Lonner & Berry, 1986).Another disadvantage of adapting existing tests for use in another culture is that if certain constructs measured in the original version are not found in the target population, or if the construct is manifested in a different manner, the resulting scores can provoke to be misleading (Hambleton, 1994). Despite the difficulties associated with using adapted instruments, this practice is important because it allows for greater generalizability and allows for investigation of differences among a growing diverse population. Once the test has been adapted, test equivalence must be determined.ReferenceFoxcroft, C.D. & Roodt, G. (2009). An admission to psychological assessment in South Africa. Johannesburg Oxford University PressHambleton, R. K. (2001). The next multiplication of the ITC Test Translation and Adaptation Guidelines. European ledger of Psychological Assessment, 17, 164-172.Hambleton, R. K. (2004). I ssues, designs, and good guidelines for adapting tests into multiple languages and cultures. In R. K. Hambleton, P. F. Merenda, & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Adapting educational and psychological tests for cross-cultural assessment (pp. 3-38). Mahwah,NJ Lawrence Erlbaum AssociatesVan Ede, D.M. (1996). How to adapt a measuring instrument for use with motley cultural groups a practical step-by-step introduction. South African Journal of Higher Education, 10, 153-160.

English Language Essay

position has emerged as the global wrangle of trade and commerce in the past few decades, affecting umteen key aspects of business in the modern world. The face manner of speaking has rick the banner for all consequential ordained communications in an progressively large number of countries with a wide variety of native languages. In the modern world, face touch ons to spread as the major medium by dint of which both small businesses and large corporations do business.There be approximately 5,000 languages in the world today. Some have pass watered international status nearly are developing some new(prenominal)s are used in isolation in their region, comm unanimity, or village a few have gone nonexistent or have died (like Latin and Sanskrit).The number of users of the English language has braggart(a) by leaps and bounds. Second language and foreign language users are seen to surpass the number of native speakers. Worldwide more or slight two billion peop le live in countries where English has official status. mavin out of five of the worlds population, speaks English with some horizontal surface of fluency. Over one billion had been seen in the year 2000 to continue their studies in English. As language of science and technology, English, the universal language, claims more or little 90% of all information in the worlds electronic retrieval systems being stored in English.English is used regularly by more than 350 million people scattered over the globe. It is the native or official language of one-fifth of the world. Of the languages of colonization it has been the one most important in Africa, Asia and the is comes of the central and southern Pacific. The use of English is widespread in international trade, international scholarship, and scientific research. More than half of the worlds scientific and technical journals, as well as newspapers, are printed in English.Three-fourths of the worlds mail is in English. The Soviet federation and China use English in their propaganda broadcasts to the developing countries of Africa and Asia. English is the most astray-studied language in areas where it is not native. In japan English is widely used in the upper grade level. In India, English is the replenishment official language to Hindi. In the Philippines it is the common language or medium of communication of people speaking different languages. More or less 80% of Filipinos speak/understand English. Doing Business WorldwideEnglish is a global language for doing business. In some industries, English is the official threadbare language. Therefore, an excellent command of English is required for key jobs. In addition, English has emerged as a major language for finance and the stock markets nigh the world. People wishing to do businesses globally take to have a good command of radiusn English. The ability to clearly write in English is to a fault of key grandness, as m each a(prenominal) forms of busin ess communication, from emails to presentations and selling to important business contracts, are written in English.A CNN cogitation(CNN) Hiroshi Mikitani sees no occasion wrong with the word, incorporating it easily into our discussion just about Japans future. The internet entrepreneur and CEO of Rakuten Inc, Japans largest e-commerce site, intends to change his domain from the inside out. And Englishization is a part of it, he says bluntly.With 6,000 employees and sales topping $3 billion a year, Mikitani intends Rakuten to keep growing into a global player. The determination be as common a household name as Google in 10 years. The path to that goal, believes Mikitani, is to speak the global language of business, English. English is the all global language. Were doing a global business. I call up this is the only way a Nipponese service organization trick become a global organization.By 2012, Mikitanis pledge is to render Rakuten an English-only corporation. All communic ation, verbal and email, would be sent not in Japanese, besides in English. Its a daunting task for a Japanese company headquartered in Tokyo. Last years Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) rankings showed Japanese test takers scored wink worst in the East Asia region, below North Korea and Myanmar. Only Laos ranked lower than Japan. Hondas CEO, Takanobu Ito, said publicly, Its stupid for a Japanese company to only use English in Japan when the manpower is mainly Japanese.Mikitani doesnt flinch at the criticism. In fact, he seems to flavor it. The nature of our business is totally different, he says, pointing out Honda manufactures a hardware item and Rakuten deals with users on the internet.If you indispensability to become successful in other countries, you need to internationalize the headquarters. Rakuten is expanding despite Japans macro-economic struggles. They are outset a Chinese version of Rakuten and purchasing ecommerce sites in the U.S. and France.One thi ng I know, the definition of state is overtaking to change. Definition of currency is going to change, says Mikitani. There is going to be less splendor which state youre operating from. And theres going to be global competition, not local to local. Mikitani is all(prenominal)thing Corporate Japan is not young, a risk-taker, outspoken and eloquent in English. He started his company with a friend in 1997, victimization their own money. The two friends grew the business into the public corporation and powerhouse it is today. The 45 year old, energetic CEO says he is, at the core, utterly Japanese. alone he disagrees with how corporate Japan and the policy makers have run the parsimoniousness and country.Look at the aging demographics and the economy of Japan, says Mikitani, and the writing is on the protect for corporate Japan. Growth, he says, can only happen if Japanese companies go outside of the country for expansion and look for opportunities outside of Japans famously produced cars and electronics.I felt (sic) those kind of ages is over. Now we need to really dramatically change the structure of economy of Japan and IT is going to be an extremely important part of it, says Mikitani. But none of the Japanese for example, politicians, sincerely yours understands from the bottom of the heart, how important that is. Mikitani feels the two decades-long economic stagnation for Japan has fundamentally affected the countrys young, which spells trouble for the countrys future.Japanese society, especially younger people, are so inward looking. They wear thint even urgency to go to other countries. They want to stay here. They want to have a good life they dont want to be rich. They want to have a good day to day life. Thats it. And I speak up we need to be more consort of dynamic, outward looking, he says.The solution, hopes Mikitani, get out be found in concrete economic policy from Tokyos lawmakers and strong leadership from Japans companies. Japan can produce innovative, high quality ideas and products, says Mikitani, but the talent needs a direction. He remains positive about his countrys future, despite its problems. Rakuten means optimistic, he points out. I think that in absolute terms, we Japanese are lagging. We are slowing down. I dont think we need to be pessimistic, but our window is not so long.An Indian PerspectiveEnglish even afterwards 36 years of independence occupies an important place in the brotherly preparational, administrative, scientific industrial and commercial life of the country.Ever since India became independent, the fortunes of English have seen many ups and downs. In accordance with the prevalent mood of hostility against everything foreign, English, considered only a foreign language, could not also escape the wrath of many people. It was mulish to do away with it as early as possible. It was given a lease of fifteen years, and after that it was to be replaced by Hindi as the national and of ficial language of the country. English was spoken and used by a micro-scopic minority of the people and they could not dominate the majority which spoke Hindi. educationally also it was desirable to impart instruction in Hindi. Educationally also it was desirable to impart instruction in Hindi and other regional languages. Moreover, the continuance of English as the official language of the country was regarded as some sort of an affront to national honor. Did not every country have its own national and official, language, it was asked.There was much burthen in all these arguments. But when the deadline, 1965, for the switch-over to Hindi came, there were unseemly controversies and riots in the country. The main opposition to Hindi came from the South. After long and tedious deliberations it was unyielding to continue English as an associate official language. The States were free to observe their own languages and were to correspond with one another(prenominal) and the centre e ither in Hindi or English. Later the the three language formula was also devised. The ecumenic feeling is that Hindi as it develops and as people season eruditeness it show, and are shown patience, will continue to gain in importance and will increasingly take over as many functions of English as possible. But along with the spread of Hindi, English will continue to be used in one way or another and it will play its due role in the nation.India is a land of many languages, cultures and religions. It is rich in variety and diversity, but there is a real danger that in the absence of a link language, its unity may just fall to bits. Considering the situation as it is today, English is the only language to discharge this important obligation. At the official level, the importance of English is obvious. It is the associate language of the Centre and most of its employees use it in official work. Since the States have adopted their regional languages for official business and many of them are averse to the use of Hindi, a virtual linguistic chaos would subject if English were not used for inter-State communication.So in this sphere also, the importance of English is obvious. Interestingly, the state of Nagaland has English as its official language. In education too, the use of English cannot be dispensed with. Hindi and the regional languages, though they are developing and enjoy official patronage, are still inadequately equipped for imparting education, particularly at the university level. There is a general lack of standard text books and it may well take several(prenominal) decades before there is sufficient development of these languages. Again, English still enjoys a commanding position in science, technology, engineering, law, medicine, commerce, industry and the diplomatic services. It is virtually unachievable to replace English in these disciplines by Hindi or any other Indian language.Considering then for a moment the absence of English from India, exchange of professors, doctors administrators, and students will cease. Research will slacken and there will be a steep decline in the quality of education. The efforts of the country to industrialize itself rapidly and to raise the standard of the masses will be seriously undermined. There will widespread disunity and this will jeopardize our freedom. So the role of English todayfor us is twofold. It knits the country and maintains equality and standard at all levels.Considering this important place of English, we Indians are today learning it in larger numbers than they ever did before. It is a world language and even in Russia, China etc., it is being learnt eagerly. In India those who oppose it seem to be a little prejudiced either for political reasons or because of some absurd sentimentality. Dont they accept foreign goods, habit and technical know-how? They do, because it is good and useful. Why then oppose English, simply because it is a foreign language? They should not forget that it was the knowledge of English that helped India gain freedom. The overall situation then appears to be this. English even after 36 years of independence occupies an important place in the social educational, administrative, scientific industrial and commercial life of the country. Those who know and support it need not despair. English will continue though it may demand a secondary place to Hindi.

Program Evaluation and Review Technique/Critical path method Essay

Project management triangle is the symbol that represents the money, time and scope items in a stomach, which has been modeled by Harold Kerzner. Given the wide range of trade union movement management tools available, the key to selecting the right one is to understand that various tools ar needed along the different stages of a project life cycle. pictorial displays such as gantt-charts ordinarily make the information easy to give away and we can easily use it for tracking cost, schedule and performance. Gantt charts are apply for exhibiting program progress or defining specific work call for to accomplish an objective.They often include such items as listing of activities, exertion duration, schedule dates, and progress-to-date. PERT also is used which stands for Program evaluation and freshen technique. It is also called critical path method. It is an event-oriented planning aid, usually computerized used to estimate project duration when there is un acceptedty in estima tes of duration times for individual activities. It helps the project team to order the activities that mustiness be completed to implement a decision.A Work segmentation Structure is a results-oriented family tree that captures all the work of a project in an organized way. west by south breaks down project into major modules by breaking down into activities and, finally, into individual tasks. Identifies activities, tasks, resource requirements and relationships between modules and activities. The prime reach of WBS is its effective aid in the planning process. As WBS evolves, it drives easier to revise and update plans. Responsibilities can be assigned at different points of the WBS hierarchical tree, both managerial and technological.The main principle asshole crashing activities is to analyze the normal activity costs and costs under upper limit crashing and to find the shortest times with crashing. And we must realize that new paths may become critical and make sure that all of the alternatives are true. And the main rationale to use PERT or CPM is the approach of timing. With CPM, we define that activities have certain completion times with minimal deviations. With PERT approach, we assume that activities have bonny completion times with a standard deviation, therefore time is an uncertainty.

Mona Lisa Compare Contrast

In the 14th century, a new cultural causal agency known as the Renaissance began. Young Leonardo Dad Vinci constructed a portrait known as the Mona Lisa. This painting is arguably the most noteworthy painting of cadence. Now in the 21st century, a fresh artisan Abstract, has developed a similar work of art associated to the Mona Lisa known as Wonders Finest. With two pieces of work containing the same subject along with different time periods, there is no doubt that two of these paintings contain its differences and similarities accordingly to their centuries.The differences allow the dry lands, the different colors, and the way Mona Lisa, is represented. The Mona Lisa has its many mysteries, that none other than its background and landscape. The landscape of the Mona Aliass painting describes both the negative and positive viewpoints on connection during the time of the Renaissance period. To the left of the artwork, represents a green healthy environment with a river si gnaling the peace and tranquility of the time period. To the right of the landscape, a dry wasted and appears with a bridge.This represents a switch of spirit surrounded by good and evil. It foreshadows the period to when Medici took over Florence through tyranny and took over the Popes grease in Italy. In comparison with Wonders Finest, it too shows a spiritual affair between evil and good. The angel is trying to lure Mona Local, back from the wraths of the giant and beneath the window, appears a garden of peace and tranquility. In todays society, its that same token of conflict. We live in a spiritual oral between divinity fudge and the devil as both trying to win the souls of mankind.The morality of this fleece reveals how the devil has virtually completely claimed the life of once-innocent Mona Lisa. The background suggests that those who have travel to the devil are now trapped within the deserts of Egypt. The bottles of alcoholic drink suggests that her life has bee n consumed by heavy drinking as well. In the legitimate Mona Lisa painting, the female who is drawn is a fall down-hearted madam who smile and body determine describe who she is, what she is living and why s she living it.In the artwork Mona Lisa, the unclouded colors represent lightness in her life and heart. Although, the painting features both light and evil colors, the amount of light represented eruptshines the darkness. Her smile represents the worthiness in her heart. Also, it represents the mood as she has successfully defeated the darkness of those ages. Her dark-skinned dress with the golden sleeves represent a a well value housewife. both paintings suggest Mona Lisa and Mona Local were well fascinated by their breasts.They both expose the cleavage of breasts presuming to the seduction of men. In contrast, Mona Local, is a straight on where Just by how she was drawn with the naughtiest position and dark image. The black and colour in colors symbolize the dead soul inside of her. Her posture sells her out completely. Her legs are wide open and her exposed breasts explaining the hustler business she runs. The light colors by the near side window can be explained as to her life in a different dimension. The life where she dreams of going, but yet sees it so far away due to her condition.The clothing she wears are fishnets attached with dirty money, with a short skirt and a plain bra. Her face melting away is a clear sign she is almost disappearing from this world. I have seen thousands of paintings, but none like these two. Both of the painting share its extremes coincidences in differences and similarities that tie both paintings together to society. It is weirdy to think that young inspired artists drew these not knowingly the burden they would have on society through its interpretation.

Aluminum: The 13th Element on the Periodic Table Essay

One of the many elements on the periodic duck is atomic number 13. atomic number 13 is the 13th element, and it is located in period two and congregation thirteen. Aluminums symbol is Al and it has an electron configuration of Ne 3s2 3p1. Aluminum also has an nuclear mass of 26.982 and its atomic number is 13. This element was discovered by Hans Christian Oersted in the year of 1825, and was named by the English chemist Sir Humphry Davy (Helmenstine, 2012). Its name Aluminum came from the Latin words alumen or alum, which is an astringent and dyeing mordant. Originally, Davy called it Alumium moreover the publishers later changed it to Aluminum, and thats how it remains in the United States (N/A, n.d.). Aluminum is a tin-white metal which melts at 640C and boils at 2,327-2,450C (N/A, 2012). It is very wake and has a density of 2.68g. It is both ductile and malleable, making it stiff and strong, and with ghost annealing it can be rolled into thin foil (N/A, 1996-2012).It is a g ood conductor of heat and electricity, and it is a solid in its prototype state. One of Aluminums chemical properties is that in moist air, it combines slowly with oxygen to division aluminum oxide. The aluminum oxide forms a very thin, whitish coating on the aluminum metal (N/A, n.d.). This element is also a fairly bustling metal. It reacts with many hot acids and with alkalis. Aluminum also reacts quickly with hot water, and in powdered form, it catches fire quickly when exposed to a flame (N/A, 1996-2012). mainstay then, the Ancient Greeks and Romans employ alum as an astringent, for medicinal purposes, and as a mordant in dyeing (N/A, 2012).Today, it is used in kitchen utensils, exterior decorations, and thousands of industrial applications. The uses of the element can vary from being kitchen foil, to being used to clear planes and trains. Aluminum is also used in electrical transmission lines because of its comfortable weight, and its alloys are used in the construction of aircraft and rockets (Helmenstine, 2012). Aluminum is also used to make compounds, and some of the many are Aluminum Chloride, Aluminum Hydroxide, and Aluminum Phosphate. Lastly, something very interesting and unique about Aluminum is that it is the most galore(postnominal) metal in the Earths crust (8.1%), although it is not ground free in nature (N/A, 2012).

Tom’s Of Maine Case Study

How should management prevail a variety of irrelevant spiritual perspectives in the work berth? An employer is required by law to reasonably accommodate a ghostly pass along unless the request presents undue hardship on the business. The trick is to make sealed that the organization allows for for separately one religious request on an equal basis. A good example of working to ward off the tensions and conflicts that might arise by mixing religion and work is the Ford Interfaith Network (FIN) which operates indoors Ford Motor Company.The Interfaith Network has a representative from each religion on the networks executive military commission. Questions about another(prenominal) members faith is asked and answered by formal channels genuine by the Interfaith Network. The questions might be answered by a committee representative or by a guest religious scholar. other company, well Fargo, one of the top 50 companies to make the Diversity hark of 2005 has strict guidelines on the creation of employee-resource groups. Religious groups do not go out the criteria. According to the assistant vice president of corporate communications at that place ar just too many religious groups to accommodate them all.However, Wells Fargo does permit informal religious gatherings on site. Os Hillman, an evangelical Christian, who certain companies such as Coca Cola and Toyota regarding faith-at-work issues, believes that companies should promote fairness for each group and leave it at that. Companies recognize that faith and religion argon an important part of an employees identity and that religious diversity has a future in corporate America. Now companies must find a delegacy to provide accommodations to conflicting spiritual perspectives in a way that is equal to everyone.These accommodations will make better employees and a better place to work. There are many companies who support and promote faith at work American Express, AOL, American Airlines, Continenta l Airlines, Texas Instruments and Ford Motor Company. each of these organizations has developed a system which successfully accommodates a variety of conflicting spiritual perspectives in the workplace.Tom Chappell created a spiritual framework for Toms of Maine, a family-owned business. Can such a framework be created for a publicly traded company? What differences might there be in its personal effects? The spiritual framework for Toms of Maine can definitely be created for publically tradedcompanies. Spiritual, religious, respectable and moral issues are now being condition great weight and consideration in the business world. Society seems to wishing to focus more on family set and what is truly important in life.Diversity, equality, medical and business ethics, human rights, fair trade, and environmental issues are primary considerations today. Promoting these values can make organizations more productive, and leaders who adhere to these standards are more sensitive to ethi cal issues. What is needed is more than ever is ethical leadership. Proof of the absence of good ethical leaders can be seen in the events of Enron, Bank of America, and Madoffs ponzi scheme, to name a few.Tom and Kate Chappell believe it is polar not to compromise your beliefs in order to turn a profit. The Chappells expressed strong personal values of respect for some(prenominal) quite a little and nature. Through conflicts between the companies new talent and the Chappells, Tom enrolled at Harvard theological system School where he immersed himself in writings of great moral and religious philosophers. Having new knowledge and a deeper understanding of the direction he cherished his company to go in he devoted much sequence to formulating the companys mission and beliefs and to molding a corporate culture that embodies these tenets. (p. 177)What risks might an organizational encounter when encouraging the expression of spiritual values in the workplace? What are its advanta ges? Toms of Maine might apply risks involving the lack of understanding between employees and the companys vision. However to avoid the Chappells believe that there is a difference between requiring a workforce to embrace ones religious beliefs and empowering all employees through a spiritual framework. (p. 179) One advantage would be the Chappells scene the example.They are committed to donating 10% of the companys pre-tax profits to nonprofit organization organizations. By giving back to their community (county, state, nation and world) they are a shining example of what they would like their employees to do. They also encourage their employees to do this by providing a generous benefit package, including four weeks of parental leave for both mothers and fathers, as well as offers flexible work schedules, job sharing, and work-at-home programs. Child-care and elder-carereferral operate is provided, and child care is partially reimbursed for employees earning less than $32,500 annually. (p. 178)

The Bystander Effect

When the terms feelings, thoughts, and behavior ar brought up, iodine does non automatic separately(prenominal)y bet these atomic outlet 18 quantifiable variables. To social psychologist, these sacred scriptures make up the basis of their studies. Trends dedicate alike been studied, tested, and analyzed as a musical mode to understand the push throughcome of feations. They photograph a carriage what sensation is feeling, how those emotions atomic number 18 affecting that persons thoughts, and how, or if, those thoughts become incentives or mostthing that produces an action. Together, those analyses make up behavioural trends.Sociologists have been instructing behavioral trends for decades, especiall(a)y how citizenry react in companys to a space or stimulus. Researchers do non yet study the behavior of the great unwashed in a certain group scarcely in like manner how they act, as a whole, in society or within a culture. Psychologists have come to find t hat the way a person acts sets some otherwises either positively or negatively. Behavior, above all other things, describes wherefore the bystander kernel happens. In 1968, Bibb Latane and John Darley were the first to demonstrate the bystander exercise.Darley and Latane arrived at the decisiveness that the number of tidy sum within an argona influences the likelihood of intervention during an essential (Latane and Darley, 1968). Emergency, in this definition, refers to a number of situations such as a murder, undivided that is home little, or a person being ridiculed or discriminated against. It could be a person that was hit by an automobile or a baby that was aband angio gosin-converting enzymed from a car and left to walk home. The bystander government issue also influences the likelihood of some unitary reporting an emergency such as supergrass coming from another room or a vent.After this phenomenon was introduced, Latane and Steve Nida (1981) explained it was th e most replicated exercise in social psychology according to their review (p. 305). Me very factors argon taken into account as to why this social phenomenon exists. Diffusion of function and pluralistic ignorance, to put forward a few, describe how groups ar influenced by the bystander effect. roughly mooring studies, that have been conducted, do not support the effect though. Altruism, ad hominemity, and morality ar why hoi polloi get gnarled occurs. Imagine in that location is a public lying on the stairs in bet of an office building in the middle of a city.He is an average expression hu small-armness in jeans and a plain t-shirt. The man go forths to be yen because he is face d cause and moaning. umpteen race stop to value the situation. Here is where the diffusion of indebtedness takes place. Diffusion of accountability is the concept that all(prenominal) person is only responsible for an equal proportion of effort dwelling house on the number of mass in a group (Latane and Darley, 1968). Considering it is a busy city, many plurality do not have quantify to stop and check to see if he is all right. No unmatchable is assigned to take accountability for a person in distress.All the the great unwashed that see the man, and notice that something is wrong, automati beseechy pin the certificate of indebtedness on eery sensation else, numeration others pass on interject. It is relegated that as the number of bystanders increases, the amount of responsibility any unrivaled bystander bears decreases (as cited in What Is Psychology 2002, p. 503). If there were one hundred passersby move past that hurt man, the likelihood of anyone stopping is very mild. When the liability of disturbance is singled out or placed upon one person, contribution to the circumstances is very high.There are a number of agents why the diffusion of responsibility takes place. citizenry that are aware of an emergency tend to sprightliness at what othe rs are doing because they are inclined to stick to normal behavior. raft imitate what others are doing in order to achieve a soul of normalcy. rough bulk do not expect to assess a situation incorrectly. For example, the man mentioned above may be hurt but to some people he may appear drunk. Witnesses sometime believe everyone else knows something they do not know. One person might have been watching that man intoxication out of a bottle from a brown, paper bag.So assuming it was alcohol, the avouch does not get involved which influences everyone else somewhat that had not seen him drinking. If no one else is sponsoring him, it gives other people the impression that the man in imposition is not in look at of assistance because of the un apprised control people have over one another. During an emergency, observers have the choice to analyze the situation and act or dissect to act. People who fail to act unremarkably fall victim to cognitive biases. When reasoning is dis torted, immoral decisions are much made.Floyd Allport reported that pluralistic ignorance explain events in which virtually all members of a group privately reject norms yet believe that virtually all other group members accept them (p. 348). It is a bias when people follow a fallacy by rejecting a norm, which might not be the correct way to deal with an emergency. One of Latane and Darleys first case studies was the influence of people in a dope filled room. A number of confederates were in a controlled room with one person who was unsuspecting of the test. They were filling out surveys when all of a sudden fake smoke started to fill the room.No one had noticed or said anything about the emergency. The woman that was being tested was fully aware of the situation but because of pluralistic ignorance, she did not report the smoke (Latane and Darley, 1968). When it is perceived or known that one person in the room comprehends what is happening and they are not doing anything, it i nfluences the symmetry of the group because his or her opinion is casted onto the bystanders that what is happening is okay. Similar to this cognitive bias, false-consensus effect describes why diffusion of responsibility occurs.It is the tendency for people to project their own opinions when predicting the attitude, opinions, and behaviors of others (Ross, Greene, & House, 1977). This cognitive bias states that individuals believe to share the kindred beliefs or opinions as others, which is related to the bystander effect in the sense that people see to project their thoughts onto those around them. People that prefer to follow a component part portray why humans act out the bystander effect. As a result, the pack behavior or the bandwagon effect arises.If there is a man face down on the street and everyone is calmly walking around him, the chances are that everyone else pass on follow suit. Whatever decision the leader of the herd makes, the rest of the pack is sure to f ollow. Animals tend to walk in packs with one or much leaders and numerous followers, which keep them safe. Similarly, people want to conform to everyone else. The word society makes us human without it, we are animals. We do what we need to stay alive and to protect others and ourselves that is, until threats to our lives are taken into consideration.Carrie Keating, a psychologist at Colgate University, enkindles a point when saying We use a sort of knowledge to get a sense of how dangerous people are (Keating, 2008). If people see that an emergency is too dangerous, one will more than than promising not take action. The least one washbasin do is call the police and notify them of any violence. Neglecting the possibleness is also another cognitive bias that people fall under during the bystander effect. It is that a person on the whole rejects any possibility when trying to decide something under uncertainty, or ambiguity.The more ambiguous the situation is, the less likely people are to intervene (Bickman, 1971). This goes back to people wanting to do what is normal. If there is a child being hauled away by a man, one can comfortably mistake the situation for a misbehaved son or daughter, when in fact, the man is a kidnapper. It is embarrassing to intrude on a situation that is misinterpreted. Neglecting the possibility that a child is being abducted, or that person else will take care of the dilemma, makes it easier to stay out of the way.When there are fewer people around to distribute responsibility to, people tend to have all the saddle on their shoulders. The responsibility is distributed among the other people and you are not singled out. People that are not in groups but are singled out tend to have excuses of their own that fall into other cognitive motives. nigh excuses are that they were in a hurry and did not notice anything. Some people do not want to get into any sound processes. People like to mind there own business so if there was a woman getting verbally subvertd in a park, people tend to judge it is none of their business.People are not expected to intervene if the situation looks like it is a dispute amongst couples or between spouses. Keating explained, on What Would You Do that some people do not serving men or woman that look low class or high class. They seem to dish people that appear to be in the same rank as them (Keating, 2009). People mobilize that just because they are not certified doctors that they have no sense in even stopping to help someone that is injured. Colin Tukuitonga and Andrew Bindman say that some men and women do not stand up for people of other cultures, religions, ethnicities (2002), or opinions.An episode of What Would You Do? revealed that people praised a clerk for not serving a Muslim customer even though she was from America. other episode exposed a young girl to verbal abuse by three other girls but because it was not physical, no one saw a reason to intervene. So metimes the situation looks to dangerous and witnesses estimate of themselves rather then the danger of someone involved. Don Hockenbury stated that when the personal cost for helping outweighs the benefits, the likelihood of helping decreases (p. 527), the costs being embarrassment, danger, and an endeavor.In exalted cases, the number of people in an area does not influence the likelihood of a bystander helping or reporting an emergency. Prosocial behavior describes the social fundamental interaction when people help others knowing there will be no reward. It contradicts everything that psychologists study about decreased intervention. Altruism is a selfless way of decision-making where a person puts their general welfare in danger to help another in need without expecting a reward. People like to think of it as a moral obligation towards a person. Irving Piliavin, and others (1969), conducted an experiment on New Yorks underground tube-shaped structure.Even though it is a busy subway, cardinal percent of the witnesses helped an apparent disabled person when they fell down. When a intoxicated confederate fell over, twenty percent of the people on the subway helped the person. Piliavin concluded that bystanders see others as responsible for their own situation. Society is less prone to help those responsible for their predicaments. He also concluded that corporation strengthens when a person seems similar to them. In addition, when they perceive the situation is not the victims fault, such as if the person is unable to help him or herself (ex. lderly or disabled), intervention strengthens. People who are more personable seem to get help faster then those who are unattractive. (Piliavin, 1969) harmonise to Jane Pivialin and Hong-wen Charng (1990), factors that increase the likelihood of bystanders helping include the feel veracious, do good effect, guilt, seeing others helping, deserved help, knowing how to help, and relationships (p. 526 537). When a person is in a good mood, they are quick to help someone in need. Your conscious is a major influence on yourself. It tells you whether a decision is a good one or not.When one person has all the responsibility to intervene, that person feels obligated to make a move. If the person fails to fail, guilt sets in and intervention occurs. Morals also come into effect while decision making to intervene. If someone was brought up to do the right thing, that person will help or report a person or situation. Empathy also determines how people will act. People, that have experienced the same situation that someone is personnel casualty through, will more than likely act upon what their conscious is telling them to do because they know it is the right thing.For someone that used to be homeless, one will help someone asking for food or spare change. Whenever one person helps, a group seems to form, which strengthens the alliance. If one person has to carry ten rocks from point A to point B, those stones are going to be very heavy. If you have nine other people working with you to complete the task, the weight of the rock that one person has to carry, decreases provided each person carries one stone. The responsibility is distributed among the other people and the task is accomplished more efficiently.When someone intervenes, people also follow and then unconsciously form a group to ward off the violent person. When individuals act and get involved, it empowers stander-bys to take responsibility for their society and it allows an opening to appear so others can also help. People that are stronger, more aggressive, or sympathetic seem to be of the reign group of interveners while ambiguity slows down intervention The more quartz clear the situation, the faster intervention occurs (Keating, 2008). When a woman is screaming as a man drags her through a park, ambiguity occurs.Until that woman specifies to onlookers what is happening, people most likely do not mediate bet ween the two, whether they are related or complete strangers. Relation to the person in need increases likelihood too. William Howard and William Crano (1974) studied the effects of gender in relations to the bystander effect (p. 491- 507). Amoung many other psychologists, Howard and Crano hypothe size of itd that men are more motivated to act in the case of an emergency then woman. Conversely, they concluded that men and women do effect the whether intervention takes place they are equally present in the bystander effect.Marie and John Tisak, psychologists of Bowling Green State University, reported that whether it is direct family, friends, or simply acquaintances, those factors increase likelihood. Small talk and eye contact towards the victim automatically trigger a connection and when that connection is made, one feels associated with the other and is quicker to speak out for that person. Likewise, if the witness knows the aggressor, the witness is also more likely to step in. The type of relationship determines the likelihood.Relatives or very windup friends to the bystander increase intruding whereas friends or acquaintances decrease likelihood (Tisak & Tisak, 1996). Many factors are correlated as to why intervention happens. Many celebrated events took place across history that people may not think as being the bystander effect. One of the first cases ever recorded was from the bible. Samaritan is the word that describes a charitable or helpful person but it also holds a more powerful meaning. A Jewish man travel from Jerusalem to Jericho had been stopped by thieves who robbed him, beat him, and left him to die on the side of the road.A priest walked by and pretended not to notice the harm man. A Levite, who was also a church official, looked at him and proceeded to walk on the other side of the street. The third man, a Samaritan, came across the man. It was evident that the Samaritan would not stop because Jews and Samaritans were enemies. He caught sight of the dying man and came to his aid. He brought him to a nearby inn to restore health and paid for his recovery (Luke 10 25-37). It is hard to believe that the priest and Levite did not stop because of the bystander effect, but only because there was no compassion.The Holocaust is another time in history were the bystander effect was realized. Everyone fell victim to being a bystander. If society tries to state otherwise, they are saying that the Holocaust was not as horrifying as everyone made it to be. The entire world knew about the death of the Jews but no one said anything, not because no one else was taking a stand, but the fear of being executed filled their minds. Psychologists namely study feelings, thoughts, and behaviors and how each relates. By comprehending that concept, psychologists then go into detail and study groups and how they influence individuals, vice versa.John Darley and Bibb Latane hypothesized that the numbers of people in an area influence individuals reactions to a response. After numerous controlled case studies, Darley and Latane concluded that the number of people does influence human behavior during an emergency. After this conclusion, the bystander effect became one of the most renown and replicated studies in psychology. Psychologists, such as Steve Nida and Floyd Allport, have been authoritative contributors in the development of this behavioral effect.Pluralistic ignorance and diffusion of responsibility are two major reasons that decrease the likelihood of intervention, among many other reasons. Altruism and morals, to name a few, enhance the likelihood that someone will interfere. There are many historical events that take place before the bystander effect happened Albert brain once said No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right a single experiment can prove me wrong (as cited by Calaprice, 2005). Which is a true statement because unless the case studies conducted are flawless and show a constan t correlation between each data entry, nothing can be proven right.There are invariably biases and errors when researchers document data. There is no definite, reliable source to base education off because no ones research can be one hundred percent accurate. When research is confirmed by a community it is usually accepted to be precise and true. When a surmisal appears in psychology and people begin to test it, replication of the same case studies can show bias. Surveys that are taken on a computer or filled out on paper are not a true tallyation of what the general population would do in an emergency.The person has to experience the conditions to predict what they would do. Anyone can say that he or she would be the hero but when it comes time to stand up to an aggressive man, the meek, twenty twelvemonth old would most likely start away. The bystander effect has many different levels of complexity. Psychologists, when performing case studies on bystander effect, fail to reco rd the mood someone is in which, from above, shows that it has an effect on whether someone responds to a stimulus. Attributions, altruism, morals, personality along with others explain why people intervene.Age defies the laws of the bystander effect. The size of a group does not matter to a child they will not intervene. Alcohol consumption, mental health, maturity, ambiguity, experience, and reaction time are reasons that have to be taken into account when testing subjects and using the data to represent a statistic. It is all there in the numbers but they can also be misleading sometimes. We just have to believe that what researchers are telling us is true. Therefore, I agree with my hypothesis, to an extent, that the number of people in an area influences the likelihood of intervention.I do believe that certain people look to others when determining what to do in an emergency. I also confirm that the reason some people do not intervene is that they are future(a) social norms an d by doing so they do not get involved because they do not want to assess a situation inaccurately. The bystander effect is a very complex behavioral trend that involves a lot of testing and analysis. I do not believe that it can be proven completely true in less than forty old age or in one semester by a first year student. More research is to be done.