Peter Skyrznecki Essay

Our idea of belonging is a result of the choices that we make. We feel a sense of acceptance wherever we choose to belong. This is explored in Peter Skrzyneckis poem Feliks Skrzynecki and St Patricks showed the ides of alienation and belonging. They are shown through various techniques such as an allusion, direct speech and many more poetic techniques. Feliks Skrzynecki is a poem that shows a tribute to Peter Skrzyneckis father. Through the use of powerful and vivid imagery, the poet successfully conveys Feliks as a man who is comfortable, content and secure in his own identity. In this poem, concepts of belonging and not belonging occur within place, family, community and culture. The first stanza emphasizes the idea of belonging. Feliks sets standards ‘of his own minds making’. He is comfortable in belonging to his own world, his garden, family and cultural heritage. This is further emphasized through the use of the simile ‘ loved his garden like an only child’ which demonstrates the love he possessed for his garden. The garden can also be interpreted as Feliks constructed world: a place he escapes to in order to feel a sense of belonging. The garden is also the reward for his hard work. Skrzynecki’s poem ‘St. Patricks College’ displays how a sense of belonging is influenced by external forces. For someone to belong to something they must make their own decisions in life, understand their surroundings and build relationships with those around them. These qualities are lacked by Skrzynecki in ‘St. Patrick’s College’ which resulted in him not belonging. Skrzynecki was sent to this school because his mother was ‘only wanting, â€Å"what was best†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. The direct speech is a cliche as every parent wants what is best for their child. The irony of the situation was that ‘for eight years’ sending Skrzynecki to St. Patrick’s College ‘Wasn’t â€Å"for the best†. He did not understand the ways of the school which led to his lack of belonging. The repetition of the phrase ‘for eight years’ reinforces how long the alienation and detachment lasted for, the feeling of not belonging did not change for eight years. The use of the personal pronoun ‘I’ throughout the poem gives a dreary, detached tone which emphasises his loneliness. No relationships with students, teachers or anyone else at the school were formed over his time there. The time at the school was useless as highlighted by ‘I could say the lord’s prayer in Latin, all in one breath. ’ He claims that as what he received from eight years at the school, a useless skill. Skrzynecki found it so hard to belong to St. Patrick’s College because the decision to go to the school was not his own, he did not understand his surroundings and he did not build any relationships with those around him. In Conclusion the ability to belong can be affected by understanding, choices, culture, relationships and experience. In the poem â€Å"Feliks Skrzynecki† showed the sense of belonging in the respective place, like his garden. In contrast, the poem â€Å"St Patricks College† showed that Skrzynecki lacked in building any relationship with those around him. Peter Skrzynecki used various to show the alienation and belonging in the poems â€Å"Feliks Skrzynecki† and St Patricks College†.

Lifespan Development Psychology Paper Essay

Lifespan Development Paper When studying the Lifespan Developmental stages throughout Chapter 1 of our textbook, I began to realize that I have traveled down some of the same common paths as my personal idols. Although most were dead long before I was ever conceived, I find it rather fascinating. The textbook states that Lifespan perspective is defined as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual, and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss. The human life expectancy has truly surpassed all other living animals from a house mouse that has a life span of a measly 3 years, to an Indian elephant that can live to be 70 years. Jeanne Calmet, who was the oldest living person, was born in Arles, France was born February 21, 1875 and died August 4, 1997. She was 122 years and 164 days old at the time of her death. Although most would love to live as long of life as Mrs. Calmet, that is somewhat unrealistic. The average life expectancy for people living within the United States of America is 78 years of age. That is a humungous leap from the average life expectancy of a man who lived during the Pre-historic which was the early age of 18. People go through many different changes as the world is ever changing. There are three different types of influences which include: 1) normative age-graded influences, 2) normative history-graded influences, and 3) nonnormative or highly individualized life events. Examples of normative age-graded influences are things that people of the same age go through together. Let’s take my twin sister and me as an example. At the early age of 1, we both began walking with 2 weeks of one another. Although not at the same time, we both were starting our menstrual cycles both at the age of 11 years old. In life we will experience menopause around the same time, and possibly even retirement within a short time between each other. Examples of normative history-graded influences would be people who have experienced history changing events with one another. How about two mothers who may live on the opposite sides of the United States, but both lost children as a result to fighting over in Afghanistan. They will never know one another but they will have a similar bond because they went through a similar event. Another would be the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Even I will never forget where I was and what I was doing on that fateful day. Lastly, examples of nonnormative or highly individualized life events could be anything from hitting it rich with the lottery, to an unexpected, devastating event like Hurricane Katrina. It may not have happened to all of us, but it influenced us all in different ways. When I began reading the part in Chapter 1 that was titled, â€Å"Women’s Struggle for Equality: An International Journey†, I was truly astonished by the figures. It is sad when I look around my neighborhood, and think that one in every six of these homes, a person is/was abused by their partner. Last weekend, my 10 year old son and I witnessed physical abuse as a girl was being drug as she was attempting to get into the passenger side of a vehicle while at our local Burger King. Then the teenage boyfriend began slapping her. My son and I were panicking to help this young girl whom we didn’t even know. I immediately called 9-1-1 and reported it to the authorities. The police arrived before we even left the parking lot, and I pray that this girl knows her worth in life, and realizes that she deserves better than that. The story in our textbook about Doly Akter, who is only 17 years of age and has lived her life in the slums of Bangladesh, is stepping out to do her part to help make her community a better one. She has created a club that is sponsored by UNICEF and goes door to door to monitor the hygiene and health of her neighbors. With her help, along with others that are a part of this phenomenal club, they are already seeing a major improvement in people’s health and hygiene. To make this story even better, she is talking to parents of girls to explain that arranged child marriages are not always in the best interest of these young ladies and staying in school will improve the lives of these girls. Health care in America has done amazing things for their citizens but still has a long way to go. I don’t want to imagine that when I become older, I only have a 52% chance of receiving the recommended proper care to treat something as important as heart disease. Along with the government regulated Medicare, and improper care for the millions of senior citizens in the United States, I can only hope that it gets better and fast to help these people. With the (2) factors that show that today’s senior citizens need our help more know that decades earlier, it should be our duty and privilege to help them. Going to your local Senior living facility and seeing the many, who have no spouses still living, or no family to talk to, they are forced to go through their later part of life, not really communicating with others.

Scholarships for African American Students

Paying for college can be a challenge for many students. While financial aid can alleviate some of the burden, many students may need some extra support. (For more advice on how to navigate the financial aid process, check out FAFSA, CSS Profile, IDOC, Oh My: A Guide to Financial Aid .) Scholarships can help you out. These monetary awards assist students with paying for postsecondary education. Some are need-based, meaning students must demonstrate that they have a financial need for help paying for college. Others are merit-based, meaning they are given based on students’ achievements. To learn more about the different types of scholarships available, read What You Need to Know for a Successful Scholarship Season . While there are many scholarships available to which nearly anyone can apply if they are planning on attending an institution of higher education, some are geared towards students with particular interests or certain minority populations. In this post, we will look at scholarships for African American students. The below scholarships are specifically targeted to African American students. Some of them have a financial need component, but most are merit-based. Click on the links provided to learn more about particular scholarships, including deadlines and other application details, and keep in mind that this list is not exhaustive. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. Some individual colleges offer scholarships for students of specific minorities who attend their schools. Be sure to investigate whether they are available at the colleges on your lists and how to apply for them. Some African American fraternities and sororities may offer scholarships for members of their organizations. Talk to your group and leaders to find out more. If you are in a club or organization for African American students, speak the organization’s leader or adviser for advice on applying for scholarships. He or she may have ideas or know of organizations that provide awards to specific minorities. Be sure to also check out the website of the organizations in which you’re involved for scholarship opportunities. Finally, speak to a teacher or guidance counselor. He or she may have ideas of other resources for finding scholarships. To learn about how to apply for scholarships and resources to help in your scholarship search, read some of ’s posts below: Looking for help with your college applications? Check out our College Application Guidance Program. When you sign up for our program, we carefully   pair you with the perfect admissions specialist based on your current academic and extracurricular profile and the schools in which you’re interested. Your personal specialist will help you with branding, essays, and interviews, and provide you with support and guidance in all other aspects of the application process. Learn more about the program here .

The main uses of Ultrasound in an imaging department and a vascular Essay

The main uses of Ultrasound in an imaging department and a vascular department - Essay Example o Sandhu (2007), ultrasonography can image soft tissues such as muscles, blood vessels and so on and can also monitor needle position while the interventional procedures. In anesthesia setting, ultrasound is the best choice due to the compactness of the instrumentation, easy transportability and lack of damage to tissues (Sandhu, 2007). In the imaging department, ultrasound is also useful for determining neuaxial blocks in people especially children. Ultrasound imaging for determining transthoarcic and transesopheageal echo-cardiography is utilized to diagnose cardiac anesthesia, trauma anesthesia and order cardiac function abnormalities that arise either during the perioperative period or intensive care settings (Sandhu, 2007). Forsbery et al. (2002) argued in its research paper that imaging modalities such as MRI and CT have well established 3D data displays and therefore are being used increasingly in the diagnostic decision rather than ultrasound. This is because the time available for acquirement and processing of 3D data is limited in ultrasound imaging. For example, in Doppler ultrasound, blood flow data is obtained using multiple firing methods. Accordingly, improvements in the computer processing technology and visualization methods, the clinical use of vascular 3D ultrasound has increased. The clinical uses of 3D ultrasound include evaluation of the flow in the carotid artery, kidney, placenta and others (Forsbery et al., 2002). The advantage of the 3D ultrasound is that the doctors can localize a functional abnormality that is relative to primary anatomy. Other advantage of 3D vascular imaging is that ease that is involved in the segmentation of data flow from the tissue echoes (Forsbery et al., 2002). Thus, as a result, ultrasound imaging in the imaging department has become successful as it provides â€Å"noninvasive, 2D as well as 3D images of soft tissues and blood flow without ionizing the radiation† (Forsbery et al. 2002). Ultrasound is also

Emerging Business Themes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Emerging Business Themes - Essay Example The factors have influenced work-related divisions, sex roles, rivalry interdependency, as well as family size. Improvements in the areas of communication and shipping decreased the communal distance that gave the drive to artistic diffusion and thus to social change. Demographic issues have always been of significance to marketers. In the previous one decade, there has been a fast development of technologies in goods and service manufacturing, distribution, design, and individual use, which have contributed to changes in customer behavior. For instance, communication advancements such as the accessibility of wireless communications, personal computers, and internet, have altered shopping and consumption manners. In the United States vehicle industry, clients in need of a vehicle search carefully on the Internet before they visit a dealer. Marketing investigators have extensively used population data. Parameters like sex, income, age, and social class are sensibly nice predictors of consumer behavior as well as market associated activities in macro and micro perspective. The global population is rising at a rate of over ninety million per annum. The aging of the populace could be the truth that the proportion and number of younger persons are dropping fast. For instance, Italy’s population would change from eighty million to forty million (Smith & Taylor, 2004.p.243). The basic features of developing and developed nations will begin to differ in significant ways. Senior communities could have undoubtedly different wants and standards from the younger ones. Hence, while communication and globalization advancements are driving the globe towards union, demographic issues are going in the opposite way and could cause the basic split between the senior and younger countries, and wealthier and poorer clients.

Research Issues in Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Research Issues in Human Resource - Essay Example "Bullying usually includes acts or verbal comments that could mentally hurt or isolate a person in the workplace and it has been described as the assertion through aggression" (CCOHS) Bullying has its adverse effects on the individual as well as the work place. Workplace bullying always poses multiple challenges to the HR professionals in dealing with their occurrences. HR Management always includes Workplace bullying prevention programs aimed to safeguard the potential victims of bullying. Such prevention programmes require the commitment from the management as an important component. In this context this paper attempts to present a detailed account of the challenges being faced by the HR professionals in dealing with bullying at work. An academic definition of Workplace Bulling as provided by Einarsen et al reads "Bullying at work means harassing, offending, socially excluding someone or negatively affecting someone's work tasks. In order for the label bullying (or mobbing) to be applied to a particular activity, interaction or process it has to occur repeatedly and regularly (e.g. weekly) and over a period of time (e.g. about six months)." Bullying is considered an ongoing process of abuse during which the person subjected to bullying becomes weak and inferior in feeling by becoming the victim of negative social act. It may be noted that an isolated event cannot be characterized as bullying. Similarly when the parties involved in the conflict are of equal strength the act can not be termed as bullying. (Einarsen et al 2003:15) The International Labour Organisation has defined the work place violence that bullying. The definition goes like "any incident in which a person is abused, threatened or assaulted in circ umstances relating to their work. These behaviors would originate from customers, co-workers at any level of the organization. This definition would include all forms or harassment, bullying, intimidation, physical threats/assaults, robbery and other intrusive behaviors." (Canada Safety Council)It is observed that workplace bullying is found to be more prevalent in work places than other disorderly behaviours like sexual harassment and racial discrimination which are dealt with by legislative measures. It is often observed that when bullying at the work place takes place the victims usually receive the immediate focus to provide the support and no efforts are being taken to provide advise, guidance or support to those who has indulged in such bullying activities. According to a report published by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) the employers usually train their HR managers in tacking issues related to workplace bullying. But the line managers are not provided with the necessary training in this regard. The report indicates that while 75 percent of the employers take efforts to train the HR managers to tackle the harassment to workers out of bullying only 55 percent of them provide such training to the line managers also. As per the 2004 research of the CIPD the conflicts relating to workplace bullying costs nearly 450 days of managements' time each year which is equivalent to the full working time of two managers. It was also estimated that the bullying related complains constituted

Powell scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Powell scholarship - Essay Example After this I work with them on their math problems and give them some pointers. 2) I am also a math manager and member at the Worcester Academy. This role is slightly different from that of a tutor because I compete with some of my fellow peers in nationwide math competitions. Over the years I have attended math competitions such as MML, WOCOMAL, and even the prestigious HMNT, which is a Harvard run math competition. Before my team and I go to competitions, we put in many hours of hard study and practice with questions that are likely to come up in competition. For the latest national competition that we entered, our team came in third place. 3) Another role that I have is with the badminton club, where I have the dual role of co-founder and captain. Although there was already some badminton clubs in the same area, many of them were segregated in terms of race or ethnicity. Before I began the club, I saw that badminton players of different cultures rarely mixed together except when c ompeting against each other, so I wanted to do something about that. My club has a wide mix of international students and Americans who learn to have fun while playing badminton and also develop great friendships off the court. 4) I am also a member of a Destination Imagination team, where students have to use their creative talents to create successful ventures. There are many new challenges each semester, and the students have to learn how to work together to achieve a shared goal. Last year there was a competition where our team had the challenge of creating a movie trailer with limited production costs ($200). Our creative abilities helped stretch this budget through the use of recycled products as props. Although we only had limited resources and funds, as a team we were able to come up with a successful end product. 5) Another great activity of mine is playing on the soccer team at Concord Christian Academy. Although I had only played the sport a little before I joined the tea m, my primary reason for doing so was to become friends with American students and practice my English speaking and listening abilities. Before I was on the team, I did not really get the chance to mix with Americans. As an added bonus, my skill level improved relatively quickly and I became a starter. This helped me to improve my English even further because the rest of the team accepted me as a real player on the team. I put down my knowledge of the English language to being able to get along with native speakers in a fun setting. 6) One of my greatest leadership roles is acting as a proctor. This role entails great responsibility and it has helped me to develop great leadership skills. Part of my responsibilities is to supervise students during studies and make sure that they stay focused on their work. This role has also helped to develop my self-confidence because I have gained respect from many of the students. Further responsibilities include organizing the dorm room that I s leep in, and decorating the wall to make the dorm welcoming for any new student. Organizing dorm championships has helped to build camaraderie among the dorm members and helped them to develop lasting friendships beyond the dorm. 7) I also have volunteering experience working as a dental assistant. The head dentist is my mother’s friend. This role is not a paid position, although the experience that I have gained has been

Strategic Quality And System Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic Quality And System Management - Essay Example Starbucks is a good example of an organization that undertook strategic quality change after heavy failures experienced after the 2008 recession (Miller, 2011). A new product named Sorbetto failed to meet customer expectations but the instant coffee Via, a deviation from the custom-made coffee of Starbucks, met the quality expectations and was successful and helped Starbucks emerge from the poor performance of the recession (Miller, 2011). As the costs and benefits of strategic quality change are illustrated in the case of Starbucks, organizations need to evaluate the outcomes of strategic quality change and implement steps to align strategic quality change measures with strategic objectives. Taking the example of Starbucks, the organization could have avoided the cost of failure of Sorbetto launched in 2008 if it had robust quality change evaluation systems. Smylie (2010, 144) recommends a continuous quality improvement system which balances innovation routines that promote experimentation and risk-taking with generative learning feedback systems that provide continuous feedback from the environment. The outcome of strategic quality change initiatives can be measured by setting measurable outcomes for the change and their communication across the organization. Since the former Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz admits that Sorbetto was launched in haste and failed because it was too sweet for customers’ tastes (Miller, 2011), the results from a pilot study or feasibility study would have helped it to modify the product quality or defer the decision to launch it. In addition, Pickett (2010, p. 459) emphasizes the need for a quality assessment system in organizations and also states that quality change should be undertaken at the systems level as opposed to operational levels. Where the outcomes of the strategic quality change indicate a deviation from strategic objectives, the management needs to

Nursing Research Paper - Leukemia Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing - Leukemia - Research Paper Example Introduction The word leukemia is derived from the Greek words leukos and aima, which stand for ‘white blood.’ Leukemia is a form of blood and bone marrow cancer and it points to an abnormal production and multiplication of white blood cells (leukocytes) in a person’s body. Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and they divide to form new body cells according to the requirements of the body (there is the dying of old cells and new cells have to replace them). In a person suffering from leukemia, the DNA of immature white blood cells somehow becomes damaged and they grow and divide chaotically. The old cells do not die and there is rapid division of body cells – more and more cells are produced in the body taking up more and more space and cancer problem arises. Simply put, the bad cells in the blood crowd out the good cells (Nordqvist, 2009). History of Leukemia Ancient Greeks discovered leukemia way back in the 4th or 5th century BC. However, John Hu ghes Benett officially diagnosed it in Edinburgh in the year 1845. In the 19th century, some physicians from Europe further realized that a number of of their patients were suffering from peculiarly high white blood cells levels. They termed this condition 'weisses blut', meaning â€Å"white blood†. In the year 1913, leukemia was categorized into four types namely acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia (Erythroleukemia) and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Further, in the year 1970, it was proven that there was cure for leukemia, and by 1980s and 1990s, roughly 70% of patients suffering from leukemia had been cured. This brought high hopes to all patients suffering from leukemia globally. For ages, people have been fighting with cancer, the only difference being that they were not aware of the details of what they were battling (Johnson, 2011). Treatment options Just like the information concerning leukemia has changed with time, the treatment options available for the patients have also changed. The earliest treatment option administered to leukemia patients was arsenic. Generally known in the West as a poison, arsenic has been used to treat leukemia and such conditions as psoriasis and syphilis in traditional Chinese medicine for almost two thousand years. It has been proven to have a considerable anti-cancer effect for leukemia although the mechanism for this effect has remained unknown till recently when scientists in China found out that it targets proteins which contribute to cancer cells’ growth (Edwards, 2010). Healthandnutritiontips.net (2011) records that arsenic is still used in the treatment of some types of leukemia and that it has proved very successful. In the early 20th century, radiation therapy replaced arsenic (Johnson, 2011). Scientists found out that exposure to radiation decreases the cancerous tumors on patients in size. Radiation is still a very common and a very effective treatme nt option for leukemia, as well as other cancer types. However, it has several side effects that a patient needs to take into consideration (Healthandnutritiontips.net, 2011). Other modern/recent treatment options for leukemia include biological therapy or immunotherapy, chemotherapy surgery and bone marrow transplants. Biological therapy/immunotherapy has to do with treatment

Current events about a clinic in China infected kids with Hepatitis Essay

Current events about a clinic in China infected kids with Hepatitis - Essay Example The province of Henan is known for such outbreaks and in the year 1990 it was hit by blood transfusions ,which were tainted and schemes of unsanitary blood plasma-buying that accelerated the HIV infection in that province. The practitioners in that province were reported to use dirty needles most often and the individuals who sold plasma received replenishment from blood pool supply. According to the global times paper, the Anhui province health officials gave disturbing reports concerning the outbreak in Henan which indicated that more than 56 patients had been infected with the outbreak disease(hepatitis C) from the private clinic. An investigation by the CDC(Centre For Disease Control) indicate that the infection acquired by patients at the Miaoqian private Clinic was caused by the doctors reusing needles to give shots to different patients. The astonishing beat of the story is that all the victims of the outbreak are from Anhui because the province borders Henan and the clinic is strategically situated for the service of both the two provinces. Another report showed that investigators from the health sectors were surveying 16 other local villages to ascertain whether a larger number of people more than the reported had been infected. The Patients of the outbreak were undergoing treatment at the hospital called Guoyang Peoples. However, the information that was not reported was if the Miaoqian private Clinic was still operational or had already been shut down. No number of arrests had been reported to be made either. (Associated Press, 2011) The Chinese government is promoting the small-scale private clinics and hospitals as part or contributor of a health care overhaul, which is aimed at making the healthcare services available, and accessible to more population and reduce the pressure on the badly overcrowded government or public hospitals. The fact that the china population has

The Sukhoi Superjet Essay Example for Free

The Sukhoi Superjet Essay The Sukhoi Superjet 100 is fly-by-wire regional jet with 75 up to 95 seats[1]. Since the jet industry faces many competitors, it is an important action to design an effective marketing strategy, which includes a SWOT analysis. Strengths: *Equipped with two Saturn/SNECMA PowerJet SaM146 turbofans1 *has   10-15% lower operation costs than its competitors, which areEmbraer E-Jets and   the Bombardier CSeries programs1. This will enable Sukhoi Superjet 100 to sell at a lower price and hence making it more affordable. As a result higher sales, profits and market share occurs. *has a wider cabin and thus offers more comfort1. Not only is it cheaper but also more comfortable, hence establishing a competitive advantage for the Superjet 100. *The Superjet 100 airliner family is being developed based on the principle of maximum standardization of frame assemblies and systems1. This will enable Superjet 100 to perform more economically while keeping expenditures at a rational level. *The aerodynamics and design of the aircraft of the family are based on proven advanced technology to minimize technical risks at the stage of design, testing and operation1. A higher security attracts more satisfied customers, which could lead to positive publicity and thus higher demand and value of its shares. Weaknesses: *Completion of the deal to order 25 Sukhoi Superjet 100 with Dalivia was delayed2. Dalivia could consider to buy from its competitors, hence this would provide Superjet’s 100 competitors with a competitive advantage, sales, profits and market share. Opportunities: *Air France3, Lufthansa4, SAS5, Iberia6, UTair Aviation, MDLR Airlines and Merpati Nusantara Airlines7 are potential customers. *Malev Hungarian Airlines and Scandinavian Airlines System are reported to finalize their orders and an Indonesian airline is reported to be the airliner1. *Alliance Air of India has also showed interest in the Sukhoi Superjet 1008. *Armavia signed a multimillion-dollar agreement to buy four Sukhoi Superjet 100 planes for regional flights1. These orders will offer Superjet 100 to reach more customers, since if passengers feel satisfied; hence it could lead to repeat sales an word-of-mouth advertising, which then creates higher demand, sales and profits; hence airlines will then purchase more of the Sukhoi Superjet 100. Threats: *Its competitors Embraer and Bombardier offer much more comprehensive after-sales and maintenance network9. After-sales service is important for maximizing customer satisfaction and it can also lead to having a competitive advantage. In fact a research showed that 1 dissatisfied customer tells 11 others who then 5 others10, which would worsen the image of the product quickly, and thus lower sales, profits and market share occurs. [1]Sukhoi Superjet 100.[online].http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Superjet_100, cited as ’19.5.2008’ 2 Airliner World, January 2007 3 [online].http://www.flug-revue.rotor.com/FRNews1/FRNews03/FR030323.htm#RRJ, ‘cited as 19.5.2008’ 4 Suchoi wants to sell 40 SuperJets-100 and negotiated with Lufthansa.[online]. http://babelfish.yahoo.com/translate_url?doit=donett=urlintl=1fr=bf-hometrurl=http%3A%2F%2Fde.rian.ru%2Fbusiness%2F20070517%2F65659192.htmllp=de_enbtnTrUrl=%C3%9Cbersetzen, ‘cited as 19.5.2008’ 5Scandinavian Airlines seriously mulls Sukhoi RRJ for SAS regional affiliates.[online]. http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/news/company/?id=606, ‘cited as 19.5.2008’ 6 Sukhoi Chief on RRJ program.[online]. http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/russia/2005/russia-050405-rianovosti08.htm, ‘cited as 19.5.2008’ 7   [online].http://lenta.ru/news/2007/10/24/ssj/, ‘cited as 19.5.2008’ 8 Paris Air Show: Sukhoi Civil-Alliance Air talks for SuperJet 100 at an advanced stagenews.[online]. http://www.domain-b.com/aero/june/2007/20070622_sukhoi_civil.htm, ‘cited as 19.5.2008’ 9 Export driven: The Sukhoi Superjet.[online]. http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/02/06/211879/export-driven-the-sukhoi-superjet.htm, ‘cited as 19.5.2008’ 10 2005. Stephen Chapman, Cassy Norris, Natalie Devenish, Llian Merritt. Business Studies in Action, chapter 9

A Brief History of Operating Systems Essay Example for Free

A Brief History of Operating Systems Essay A History of Operating Systems To understand and to be prepared for the future of computer support it helps to know the history of operating systems. The operating system is the software that links the user to the computer’s hardware. Early mainframes (the predecessor of the personal computer) did not use an operating system. Programs were loaded onto the mainframe by paper punch cards, magnetic or paper tape. The user would start the program and wait for the program to complete, or crash. Debugging of the program was often done by adjusting banks of switches. With every new mainframe shipped, the operation and usability would change. There were no standards. As early operating systems were developed they were generally only designed to operate on that customer’s specific unit. With the development of mass produced microprocessors, computers become more common and more affordable. With the number of computers sold each year increasing there became a need for a standardized operating system. In the beginning there were many companies fighting to produce a viable operating system for the masses. The two most prominent were Microsoft and Apple. Microsoft’s first entry in the operating system foray was MS-Dos or Windows 1. 0 in 1985, a command line operating system that was not the simplest to use but for its time was pretty user friendly. Of course as computing power advanced so did Microsoft’s operating systems. In 1987 Windows 2. 0, then in 1990 there was Windows 3. 0, the first OS that had a desktop and icons to start programs. At this point Microsoft began to separate their operating systems into home user oriented and business oriented. In 1993 Microsoft released Windows NT 3. 1, the first fully 32 bit operating system, it featured better networking support and the NTFS file system. NT progressed through 4. 1 then to Windows 2000. These operating systems were geared toward corporate users and were slightly more robust. On the home front in 1995 Windows 95 was introduced and it was the first version to have the taskbar and the start button. The next version of the home OS was Windows 98, then 98SE followed by Windows ME. The next iteration of Windows was XP; this version of Windows was unique in a couple of ways. XP was the first OS to include activation, which linked the hardware in the pc where it was installed to a unique ID number. The other thing that made XP unique from previous versions of windows was that it came in several versions from home use to corporate use. Windows Vista followed Windows XP but was met with much scrutiny because of its lack of support for legacy devices and software and it’s lackluster performance. Windows 7 followed quickly behind and addressed most of these shortcomings. There are several other choices for operating systems, although none have been able to maintain a sizeable amount of the market share due to the compatibility and popularity of the operating systems offered by Microsoft. Some of the other offerings are Mac OS from Apple, UNIX, Linux (an open source OS based on Linux), Android and IOS just to name a few. While most of these do not offer the support and compatibility that you would find in operating systems from Microsoft, they are quickly gaining ground and acceptance in use from desktop pc’s to handheld devices.

The Role Of Principal Education Essay

The Role Of Principal Education Essay As the key intermediary between the classrooms, the individual school and the education system as a whole, effective school leadership are essential to improve the efficiency and equity of schooling. Within each individual school, leadership can contribute to improve student learning by shaping the conditions and climate in which teaching and learning occur. Beyond the school borders, school leaders can connect and adapt schools to changing external environments. And at the school-systems interface, school leadership provides a bridge between internal school improvements processes and externally initiated reform. But school leadership does not operate in static educational environments. As countries are seeking to adapt their education systems to the needs of contemporary society, the expectations for schools and school leaders have changed profoundly. Many countries have made schools more autonomous in their decision making while centralising standards and accountability requirements and demanding that schools adopt new research-based approaches to teaching and learning. In line with these changes, the roles and responsibilities of school leader have expanded and intensified. Given the increased autonomy and accountability of schools, leadership at the school level is more important than ever. The challenge facing education in the 21st century is to make changes to achieve higher levels of learning for all children (Ramsey, 2002). At the time of the present study, public schools are undergoing scrutiny and criticism of such magnitude; it is difficult to predict the future of public education. An increased emphasis on accountability and school improvement, including the utilization of ICT among teachers to enhance student achievement, is at the forefront of all education debates. Research has shown that appropriate use of ICTs to catalyze a paradigm shift in both content and pedagogy that is the heart of education reform in the 19th century. ICT-supported education to enhance the success of the ongoing knowledge and skills that will give the students continuous learning if properly designed and implimented. Leveraging ICT in an appropriate manner enables new methods of teaching and learning, especially for students in exploring exciting ways of problem solving in the context of education. New ways of teaching and learning is supported by constructivist learning theory and paradgm shift from prinbcipal and teacher-centered pedagogy of memorization and rote-learning to focus on student centered. (Thijs, A., et al. ,2010) Furthermore, the utilization ICT learning procedures and tools in the educational process, obviously leads to revolutionary changes in the roles of both teachers and learners as the emergence of new teaching and learning environment and finally for new virtual training that ultimately aims to facilitate the tools and resources to support communication and interaction as well as disseminate teaching materials via the web will in order to encourage promote enhance collaboration and cooperation among participants in the learning process. On the other hand, many author such as Salinas (2003) agree on the fact that the integration of ICT in education produce a set of transformations which transform all the elements that take part in the educational process such as organizations, students, curriculum, and notably, they affect teachers role, function and behavior . Nevertherless, investments in information and communication technology (ICT) for enhancing formal and non-formal education systems are essential for schools improvement (Tong Trinidad, 2005). According to Betz (2000), information technology will only be successfully implemented in schools if the principal actively supports it, learns as well, provides adequate professional development and supports for his/her staff in the process of change. In fact, school principals have a main responsibility for implementing and integrating ICT in schools (Schiller, 2003). Anderson and Dexter (2005) carried out a study on technology leadership behaviors of school principals and found that although technology infrastructure is important, technology leadership is even more necessary for effective utilization of technology in schools (p.49). Moreover, various other research studies support the literature that leadership is an important key factor in effective use of technology in education (Schiller, 2003; Anderson Dexter, 2005). Therefore, it can be said that technology leadership behaviors are important to successful implementation of educational technology plans (Chang, Chin Hsu, 2008). As such, the principal has consistently been recognized as a significant factor in school effectiveness of change process. The complexity of the job of a school administrator has demanded highly developed skills to carry out the many functions of the school operation. Exceptional leaders have always been rare, but many believe that they can be made as well as born (Abrashoff, 2002). At the same time, there is limited understanding about the ways that school leaders make a difference particularly in new technology integration. Principal leadership, along with the effectiveness of classroom teachers, has a great impact on student progress. The relationship of an administrators leadership style and its affect on teachers and student achievement has become critically important in continued research. Role of Principal Several definition of a principal, the first six do not mention their role as the leader of a school. Though, there are key phrases that most certainly apply to the position; highest in rank, authority, most considerable, and important. The definitions go on to mention that which pertains to a prince or being princely, along with a leader or one who takes the lead. What may be considered ironic is that acts independently is included as well. Because the role of a principal is extremely fluid, being shaped by a diverse set of concerns and values, conceptualizations are problematic (Brown, 2005). Evidence should be visible in a school of what a principal believes as a principal and what the school stands for (NAESP, 2001). The test of good leadership is the achievement of change in a system. Change can be difficult; however, it is necessary to abandon the past to pursue the future (Bell-Hobbs, 2008). Examining the ways in which principals lead their schools through change, and its effe ct on teachers attitude towards technology as well as student achievement and is critical to future educational research. Traditionally, the principal resembled the middle manager suggested in William Whytes 1950s classic The Organization Man as an overseer of buses, boilers and books. Today, in a rapidly changing era of standards-based reform and accountability, a different conception has emerged one closer to the model suggested by Jim Collins (2001) Good to Great, which draws lessons from contemporary corporate life to suggest leadership that focuses with great clarity on what is essential, what needs to be done and how to get it done. This shift brings with it dramatic changes in what public education needs from principals. They can no longer function simply as building managers, tasked with adhering to district rules, carrying out regulations and avoiding mistakes. They have to be (or become) leaders of learning who can develop a team delivering effective instruction. Wallaces work since 2000 suggests that this entails five key responsibilities: Shaping a vision of academic success for all students, one based on high standards Creating a climate hospitable to education in order that safety, a cooperative spirit and other foundations of fruitful interaction prevail. Cultivating leadership in others so that teachers and other adults assume their part in realizing the school vision. Improving instruction to enable teachers to teach at their best and students to learn at their utmost. Managing people, data and processes to foster school improvement. In addition, schools are no different. Principals who get high marks from teachers for creating a strong climate for instruction in their schools also receive higher marks than other principals for spurring leadership in the faculty, according to the research from the University of Minnesota and University of Toronto. (Bradley Portin, Paul Schneider, Michael DeArmond and Lauren Gundlach., 2003) In fact if test scores are any indication, the more willing principals are to spread leadership around, the better for the students. One of the most striking findings of the universities of Minnesota and Toronto report is that effective leadership from all sources such as principals, influential teachers, staff teams and others is associated with better student performance on math and reading tests. The relationship is strong albeit indirect: Good leadership, the study suggests, improves both teacher motivation and work settings. This, in turn, can fortify classroom instruction. Compared with lower-achieving schools, higher-achieving schools provided all stakeholders with greater influence on decisions, the researchers write.( Karen Seashore Louis, Kenneth Leithwood, Kyla L. Wahlstrom, Stephen E. Anderson et al. ,2010) The better results are due to collaboration between two parties. The higher performance of these schools might be explained as a consequence of the greater access they have to collective knowledge and wisdom embedded within their communities, the study concludes.( Karen Seashore Louis, Kenneth Leithwood, Kyla L. Wahlstrom, Stephen E. Anderson et al. ,2010) Principals may be relieved to find out, moreover, that their authority does not wane as others waxes. Clearly, school leadership is not a zero-sum game. Principals and district leaders have the most influence on decisions in all schools; however, they do not lose influence as others gain influence, Karen Seashore Louis, Kenneth Leithwood, Kyla L. Wahlstrom, Stephen E. Anderson et al., 2010). Indeed, although higher-performing schools awarded greater influence to most stakeholders. Little changed in these schools overall hierarchical structure. (Kenneth Leithwood, Karen Seashore Louis, Stephen Anderson, Kyla Wahlstrom,2004) .University of Washington research on leadership in urban school systems emphasizes the need for a leadership team role led by the principal and including assistant principals and teacher leaders and shared responsibility for student progress, a responsibility reflected in a set of agreements as well as unspoken norms among school staff.( Knapp et al., 2003) School leaders are in charge of connecting and adapting schools to their surrounding environments. According to Hargreaves et al. (2008), school leaders will increasingly need to lead out there beyond the school, as well as within it, in order to influence the environment that influences their own work with students. In small towns and rural areas, school leaders have traditionally stood among the most important leaders in their communities. While it may be argued that urbanisation, immigration and school size have weakened school-community ties, these and other pressures on family structures have at the same time contributed to make the community responsibilities of school leaders even more important today. Principal play an important role in strengthening the ties between school personnel and the communities that surround them (Fullan, 2001). Principals of the most successful schools in challenging circumstances are typically highly engaged with and trusted by the schools parents and wider community (Hargreaves et al., 2008). They also try to improve achievement and well-being for children by becoming more involved with other partners such as local businesses, sports clubs, faith-based groups and community organisations and by integrating the work of the school with welfare, law enforcement and other agencies (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2007). Moreover, in rapidly changing societies, the goals and objectives to be achieved by schools and the ways to get there are not always clear and static. In increasingly globalised and knowledge-based economies, schools must lay the foundations for lifelong learning while at the same time dealing with new challenges such as changing demographic patterns, increased immigration, changing labour markets, new technologies and rapidly developing fields of knowledge. Consequently of these devel opments, schools are under enormous pressure to change and it is the role of Principal to deal effectively with the processes of change. The roles and responsibilities of school leadership in each of these scenarios would vary widely. School leaders must master the new forms of pedagogy themselves and they must learn how to monitor and improve their teachers new practice. Moreover, instead of serving as head teacher primus inter pares, they have to become leaders of learning responsible for building communities of professional practice. Methods of evaluation and professional development take more sophisticated application and principals must embed them into the fabric of the work day. While practices vary across countries, it is clear that school leadership is generally expected to play a more active role in instructional leadership: monitoring and evaluating teacher performance, conducting and arranging for mentoring and coaching, planning teacher professional development and orchestrating teamwork and cooperative instruction. Countries also note a shift in emphasis from more administration- and management-type funct ions to leadership functions of providing academic vision, strategic planning, developing deeper layers of leadership and building a culture and community of learning. As a result of the increasing central mandates and programmes, changing student populations and growing knowledge about effective practice, schools are under enormous pressure to change and it is the school leaders role to manage the processes of change. The transformation of policy into results occurs most critically through the adaptation of practice in the school and classroom. This process is complex and must be led intentionally and skilfully. In some cases, resistance to change needs to be overcome with carefully structured support, relevant information, a clear sense of purpose and goals and opportunities to learn requisite skills (Hall and Hord, 2005). While some changes are purely technical and can be readily accomplished, more significant change calls for deeper adjustment of values and beliefs about the work (Heifetz, 1998). Sophisticated skills of adaptive (Heifetz and Linsky, 2002) and transformational leadership (Burns, 1978; Leithwood, 1992; Leithwood and Jantzi, 1990; Leithwood and Jantzi, 2000) are needed here. Brief Understanding of Leadership The term leader has been included in the English language since about 1300 A.D., while the term leadership was introduced about 1800 A .D . (Stogdill, 1974, p . 7) . Historically speaking, the leadership position in past years was occupied by the person exhibiting most prowess, strength or power. Today, the leadership position seems to be dependent on the group that person leads and exerts some authority over. The leader maintains his position as long as group needs and/or goals are met. Yura (1976) indicated that regardless of their purpose, needs or goals, all groups have a basic commonality: they rely on leadership. A review of the literature revealed that earlier studies were directed at defining the ingredients of leadership. Despite those efforts, it appears that much remains unknown. At this point in time, it has been recognized that there is no clear cut agreement on the definitions of leadership styles or behaviour. This lack of consensus has led to much confusion on the topic. Amid all this, most authorities agree leadership styles can be learned and there is no one best style of leadership. Stogdill and Coons concentrated on two aspects of leader behavior : (1) What does an individual do while he operates as a leader, and (2) How does he go about what he does? As a working definition they stated, Leadership, as tentatively defined, is the behavior of an individual when he is directing the activities of a group toward a shared goal (Stogdill and Coons, 1957, pp . 6-7) . In 1977, Hersey and Blanchard defined leadership as the process of influencing the activities of an individual or group in efforts. Toward goal achievement in a given situation (Hersey and Blanchard, 1977, p. 84). From these definitions it follows that the leadership process is a function of the leader, followers and other situational variables. Barnard (1969) agreed that leadership is an involvement of the three variables listed above. In his discussion on The Nature of Leadership, he stated that, Whatever leadership is, I shall now make the much over simplified statement that it depends on three things: (1) the individual, (2) the followers, and (3) the conditions. Behavioral leadership theory focuses on what the leader does. It is different from personal trait theory because behavior can be observed. The observable behavior is not dependent upon either individual characteristics or the situation (Moloney, 1979, p. 23). Barnard (1969) defined leadership .as the quality of the behavior of individuals whereby they guide people or their activities in organized effort(p. 83). Researchers and writers have amassed a large body of literature in defining leadership. The results of the leadership definitional process have been plagued with uncertainties. This phenomenon Halpin (1958) cited in his attempt to define leadership . In his review of the literature, he stated : Leadership has been defined in numerous ways . The definition proposed here derives its value primarily from the relation to the body of theory being developed . In some respects it is more comprehensive than other more usual definitions ; in others it is more restricted . To lead is to engage in an act that initiates a structure-in-interaction or part of the process of solving problems . Halpin (1958) Stogdill (1974) devoted a chapter in his book to the definition of leadership . He, like Halpin, recognized the complexities of defining leadership . He was explicit in stating that : There are almost as many different definitions of leadership as there are persons who have attempted to define the concept. Nevertheless, there is sufficient similarity between definitions to permit a rough scheme of classification As a result of the research and theory about leadership behavior that was developed after 1945, Gerth and Mills (1953) stated : To understand leadership attention must be paid to : (1) the traits and motives of the leader as a man, (2) images that selected publics hold of him and their motives for following him, (3) the features of the role that he plays as a leader, (4) the institutional context in which he and his followers may be involved . (p . 405) Furthermore, leadership can be described by reference to two core functions. One function is providing direction; the other is exercising influence. Whatever else leaders do, they provide direction and exercise influence. This does not imply oversimplification. Each of these two leadership functions can be carried out in different ways, and the various modes of practice linked to the functions distinguish many models of leadership. In carrying out these two functions, leaders act in environments marked variously by stability and change. These conditions interact in complementary relationships. While stability is often associated with resistance and maintenance of the status quo, it is in fact difficult for leaders and other educators to leap forward from a wobbly foundation. To be more precise, it is stability and improvement that have this symbiotic relationship. Leaping forward from a wobbly foundation may well produce change, but not change of the sort that most of us value falling flat on your face is the image that comes to mind. Wobbly foundations and unwise leaping help to explain why the blizzard of changes adopted by our schools over the past half century have had little effect on the success of our students. School reform efforts have been most successful in those schools that have needed them least Elmore (1995). These have been schools with well-established processes and capacities in place, providing foundations on which to build in contrast to those schools, the ones most often of concern to reformers, short on essential infrastructure. In understanding these concept in a clarification of leadership means leadership is all about organizational improvement; more specifically, it is about establishing agreed-upon and worthwhile directions for the organization in question, and doing whatever it takes to prod and support people to move in those directions. Our general definition of leadership highlights these points: it is about direction and influence. Stability is the goal of what is often called management. Improvement is the goal of leadership. There are as many definitions of leadership as there are theorists. Theorists no longer explain leadership in terms of the individual or the group. They believe that the characteristics of the individual and the demands of the situation interact in such a manner as to permit one, or perhaps a few, persons to rise to leadership status. Principal Leadership Style Various researchers have tried to interpret school leadership in different manner. Peretomode (1991) stated the importance of Leadership in school for accomplishment of school programmes, objectives and attainment of educational goals. Cheng (1994) proposed that leadership in educational institutions compose of five major dimensions, namely: structural leadership, human leadership, political leadership, cultural leadership and educational leadership. These five dimensions describe the role and functions of school leader. However the functions of principal put a variety of demands and challenges for the principal Mestry and Grobler (2004). In an attempt to explain the requirements of a competent principal Cranston (2002) explained the skills and capacities which principals are expected to possess. Principals competencies can be measured from various dimensions; from the perceptions of students, teachers, parents, communities and their employers. For instance, Scotti Jr. and William (1997) agreed that teachers perceptions of their principals leadership is one of the many variables, which affect a schools productivity. Teachers perception of principals leadership style and behaviour is also positively related to teachers morale Hunter-Boykin and Evans (1995). Luo (2004) further contended that perceptions about principals as leaders by their teachers indicate an important dimension to evaluate the leaders capacities. According to him, understanding how teachers perceive their principals leadership capacities has a great significance and providing evidence for improvement of school leadership. Research has also demonstrated that teacher perceptions of their principals capabilities style and their working conditions will determine the organizational climate and culture of the schoo l. Such perceptions will also impact on the performance of the school. Research on leadership in non-school contexts is frequently driven by theory referred to by one of our colleagues as adjectival leadership models.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- A recent review of such theory identified, for example, 21 leadership approaches that have been objects of considerable theoretical and empirical development. (Yammarino, Dionne, Chun, Dansereau, 2005). Seventeen have been especially attractive, and some of them have informed research in school contexts.( Leithwood Duke ,1999). Here are several best example of leadership style: Contingent leadership. Encompassing research on leadership styles, leader problem solving, and reflective leadership, this two-dimensional conception of leadership explains differences in leaderseffectiveness by reference to a task or relationship style and to the situations in which leaders find themselves. To be most effective, according to this model, leaders must match their styles to their settings. Participative leadership. Addressing attention to leadership in groups, shared leadership (Pearce Conger, 2003) and teacher leadership, (York-Barr Duke, 2004). This model is concerned with how leaders involve others in organizational decisions. Research informed by the model has investigated autocratic, consultative, and collaborative sharing styles. Transformational and charismatic leadership. This model focuses on ways in which leaders exercise influence over their colleagues and on the nature of leader-follower relations. Both forms of leadership emphasize communicating a compelling vision, conveying high performance expectations, projecting self confidence, modeling appropriate roles, expressing confidence in followersability to achieve goals, and emphasizing collective purpose. (Leithwood Jantzi, 2006). Nevertheless, leadership research also has been informed by models developed specifically for use in school- and district-level settings. Of these, the instructional leadership model is perhaps the most well known. It bears some resemblance to more general, task-oriented leadership theories. (Dorfman House, 2004). The instructional leadership concept implies a focus on classroom practice. Often, however, specific leadership practices required to establish and maintain that focus are poorly defined. The main underlying assumption is that instruction will improve if leaders provide detailed feedback to teachers, including suggestions for change. It follows that leaders must have the time, the knowledge, and the consultative skills needed to provide teachers in all the relevant grade levels and subject areas with valid, useful advice about their instructional practices. While these assumptions have an attractive ring to them, they rest on shaky ground, at best; the evidence to date suggests that few principals have made the time and demonstrated the ability to provide high quality instructional feedback to teachers. (Nelson Sassi ,2005). Importantly, the few well-developed models of instructional leadership posit a set of responsibilities for principals that go well beyond observing and intervening in classrooms responsibilities touching on vision, organizational culture, and the like. (Andrews Soder (1987), Duke (1987), and Hallinger ,2003). In addition, studies of school and principals leadership are replete with other adjectives purporting to capture something uniquely important about the object of inquiry such as learning leadership,( Reeves (2006). constructivist leadership, (Lambert et al. ,1995). and change leadership.( Wagner et al. 2006). Nonetheless, Boykin and Evans (1995) found that majority of the principals were rated as ineffective by their teachers. This reflects that there is a big discrepancy between what the principals are and how they are perceived by the teachers. And in Hong Kong, the images of the principal in the mind of pre-service primary teachers were found to be negative. Lee, Walker and Bodycott, (2000). A study by Luo and Najjar (2007), investigated Chinese principal leadership capacities as perceived by master teachers. Unlike in many developed countries where studies on principals competencies are available in multitude, such studies are still at its low in Malaysia. Keeping in mind the importance of role of the principal as a leader within the secondary school system, it is imperative to examine the leadership style in facilitaing change such as integrating ICT within school context. This is particularly so because of the fact that schools in this country serve for the large section of national students. Most studies in this country have focused on leadership qualities, rather than leadership style. The study therefore intends to fill this gap by investigating the perception of teachers on the leadership style of their principals in terms of facilitating change in implementing ICT utilization among teachers within school setting. Leadership Change Facilitator Style Previous research on leaders has explored traits, such as height, race, and gender. The work of Fiedler (1978) suggested that leaders style was dependent upon contingencies; meaning that different styles are needed for different styles. Blake and Mouton (1964) wrote that how a leader leads was in two dimensions; one in task and one in relationships. It was thought that the most effective leaders had high levels in both task and people skills. The level of maturity of the followers was thought to be reflective of the leaders success by Hersey and Blanchard (1988). Nearly all of the research on leaders and leadership models was built upon business and industry contexts. Educational organizations, namely schools, have much less to draw upon for research on leaders. What is lacking even more is the examination of leaders within the change processes. Research is rich in the areas of leadership and leaders. Debates are not difficult to find on the topics of effective leadership; what makes it, who has it, and how does one do it. An essential component to effective leadership in todays schools is the facilitation of change. How leaders implement changes can lead to either the success or the failure of any innovation. Change continues as a theme in all educational discussions. In 1992, Fullan and Miles wrote about getting reform right in schools. We can say flatly that reform will not be achieved until these seven orientations have been incorporated into the thinking and reflected in the actions of those involved in change efforts (p. 744). Those seven orientations are listed in Figure 2. One of the objectives of this research, like a few preceding it, is to identify the specific kinds of combinations of behaviors that principals can and should exhibit on a day-to-day basis to bring about increases in student achievement through implenting ICT utilization among teachers. Figure 1. Fullan and Miles orientations of change. If the role of the principal is critical, then it should be possible to identify principals actions that directly relate to increasing the academic performance of students on standardized testing. An understanding that has been developed through the work of Hall, Hord, and Griffin (1980) is the principle that not all principals are the same. Principals view their role and priorities differently and operationally define their roles differently in terms of what they actually do each day (Hall, Ruthoford, Hord, Huling, 1984) All leaders have a style. That has been established in research on industrial organizational leadership, change process, and educational administration. What has not been established is that there is not an operational definition of style. Furthermore, there is not a distinction drawn between leader behavior and leader style. The terms, and more troubling, the concepts have been used interchangeably. In most studies, followers were asked to identify individual behaviors of leaders, not the leaders behaviors in total. In 1978, Thomas conducted a study on 60 schools, looking at the role of school principals in managing diverse educational programs. As a result of this study, she identified three patterns of principal behavior, and identified them as: Director, Administrator, and Facilitator. Director principals maintained an active interest in all aspects of the school from curriculum and teacher to budgeting and scheduling. Administrator principals were said to make decisions in areas affecting the school as a whole, this, leaving teachers with a great deal of autonomy. Facilitator principals thought of themselves as colleagues of the faculty, and perceived th

The Improvement of Automobile Fuel Economy :: Cars Fuel Oil Automobiles Essays

The Improvement of Automobile Fuel Economy Abstract In today’s society, it has been determined by energy analysts that fuel consumption is increasing at an alarming rate. This is due to the large influx of drivers on the road, and the increase in travel demands. Since energy is not a finite commodity, there have to be certain movements taken to improve the fuel economy in automobiles. Certain technological advances have been discovered, such as reduction in vehicle weight, and improvements in the engine design, that can greatly increase the efficiency of the automobiles. However, these improvements will come at a cost ultimately to the consumer. With government mandates on average fleet mpg ratings increasing by the year 2001, it is becoming imperative that there be a joint venture between industry and government to meet these guidelines, in the effort to increase fuel efficiency. Introduction: In today’s world, one of the major topics of the day is the unknown future of energy. Energy is a commodity that is devoured by the entire world. However, it is also something that, in many senses, cannot be restored. Take, for instance, gasoline. Today’s society is extremely dependent on the role of the automobile as a means of transportation. However, with the exponential growth of our dependency on cars, the use of gasoline, and in many cases its waste, has grown enormously also. Therefore it is understandable that the growing depletion of gasoline has lead to the furthering of initiatives to improve the overall fuel efficiency of automobiles. In fact, the improvements have been increasing year by year. However, there has also been a steady increase in the price of petroleum, along with the steady increase in its demand. Supply, however, is an entity that is uncertain. This is because the majority of the world’s oil supply comes from unstable areas, namely the Middle East. Despite these uncertainties, the automobile, in this case in the United States, is becoming more and more the principal means of transportation for the masses. The days of the trolley, and other means of public transportation have long since passed, and the automobile has been intertwined into the American lifestyle. This domination has also, in fact, spread across the border toward Canada, and across the sea to most of Western Europe. Despite a faint resurgence of public transportation, such as buses and trains, the automobile is still the primary mode of personal transportation in the United States.

Ontological Shift :: essays research papers

Ontological Shift   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Michael Heim’s essay â€Å"The Cyber Space Dialectic†, he discusses how our culture is going through an ontological shift fashioned by the Internet. Heim articulates his theory of what dialectic is and how this ontological shift is creating a new dialectic. The Internet is the main place today where people from all over the world exchange and communicate their ideas and feelings. The Internet is a new community in itself. The ontological shift into the cyberspace times will change the way we think, and the way we act; it will change our overall sense of being. These change that Heim calls an â€Å"ontological shift† has brought on questions about changing society. These are similar to the questions that Peter Drucker and Benjamin Barber brought up when they discussed about creating a new society. Will society benefit from this new society in which its central being is cyberspace? This is a serious question since we are living in the phase t hat is changing into the cyber world now. How will this change affect this new technologically inclined society?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We have all used the Internet to talk to other people, either using chat or emails. We converse with people with different backgrounds and cultures. When interacting with different types of people, it means that we are working in groups and collaborating. This is what the Internet is all about. Interacting with each other in new ways, and learning how to open yourself to other points of views and new ideas. In his essay Heim states, â€Å"Computer networks foster virtual communities that cut across geography time zones. Virtual community seems a cure-all for isolated people who complain about their isolation. Locked in metal boxes on urban freeways, a population enjoys socializing with fellow humans through computer networks†(Heim 374). As Heim explains in his essay, the Internet can bring together communities that are isolated from the rest of the world. It helps communities and different types of people communicate with each other. It creates the idea of group work through computer networks. This was also one theme in Barbers essay; Group work is what makes ideas carry through and productive. In Barber’s â€Å"Making Civil Society Real† he states, â€Å"Civic responsibility, being a partnership between government, civil society, and the private market necessarily depends on the active collaboration of political leaders, citizens and business people†(Barber 106). Our responsibility as a society is to collaborate our selves with all the groups that make this society function.

Essay --

According to Laurence Sterne, â€Å"Nobody, but he who has felt it, can conceive what a plaguing thing it is to have a man’s mind torn asunder by two projects of equal strength, but obstinately pulling in a contrary direction at the same time†. In Mark Twain’s novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the character Huckleberry Finn, also known as Huck, is one who can conceive this plague. Huck Finn’s ‘two projects of equal strength’ was the difficult decision whether to turn Jim, a black slave, over to his rightful â€Å"property† owner or to continue helping Jim escape to freedom. This inner conflict took place in Jim’s conscience of trying to decide what the right thing to do was. These two conflicting forces were the basis of how the story was told. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is told from Huck’s viewpoint, and it illuminated the quandary that Huck faces as he befriends Jim and helps him to freedom, as well as convincing himself talkimg himself into believing feeling . A part of Huck thought helping Jim was wrong because helping a black man escape to freedom was against society’s rules and went against everything that he had been taught and raised to believe. The other part of Huck saw Jim as a good person, a friend, and believed Jim should be free from slavery. It was a war between Huck’s conscience of not following society’s conventional laws and following his heart in what seemed right. Throughout the novel, Huck questioned whether he was doing the right thing. Even though he felt he was doing the right thing, he kept thinking about how he was going against society’s values and ideals. Huck also felt that he was betraying Miss Watson by taking Jim, her â€Å"property†, away from her. Miss Watson was always good to Huc... ... I studied a minute, sort of holding my breath, and then says to myself: â€Å"All right, then, I’ll go to hell†Ã¢â‚¬â€and tore it up† (Twain 317). At this point in the novel, Huck realizes that he would rather go to Hell for doing what he believed to be right even if it is wrong in others’ eyes, including God’s. Although Huck knew it was wrong to help a runaway slave, he also knew it was what he had to do, it felt right to him. The inner turmoil that Huck experienced within his conscience was a constant battle, but Huck made the decision to follow his heart. Huck learns, from his own life experiences of befriending Jim and his own moral conscience and intuition, that standing up for what seems â€Å"right† isn’t always easy to do, but it’s the right thing to do. Huck made the moral decision to go against what he had been taught was â€Å"right† and do what he knew was â€Å"right†.

Marx, Weber and Durkheim have significantly advanced our understanding of industrial capitalist societies

For hundreds of years people have tried to find ways to understand the changes in our society. How have we evolved from a hunting and gathering society about 12,000 years ago, when humans lived totally without technology, searching continuously for food, to today's fast-moving society, where we have modern technology at out fingertips? This paper will argue that three of sociology's founders, Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emilie Durkheim help us understand how and why society changes. These three social thinkers, who all lived in the 19th Century and thus were witness to the greatest change in society, the industrial revolution, have all studied societies in different ways and have come up with their own theories for social change. This paper will help us answer questions, which are puzzling us in today's modern world. Why is there such a large and ever-increasing divide between the rich and the poor? Why, when globalisation has enabled access to modern technology and information worldwide, are some countries still not embracing modern technology, e. g. omputers, fax, e-mail, at the same level that Europe and USA are? Is material wealth a guarantee to happiness in today's society and why are traditional family values declining in modern society? With the help of Marx, Weber and Durkheim's theories we will try to answer these questions and understand today's society. Karl Marx (1818-1883) interpreted modern society as a largely capitalist society, where profit is made for capitalists or bourgeoisie, who have means of production (factories, land, money), by exploitation of manual labour from the working class or proletariat. Marx maintained that economic production underlies and shapes the entire society. He called technological and social process of economic production the infrastructure on which all additional social elements like religion, education, family, ideas and values are built to form the superstructure. In other words, he would explain that people's values, ambitions and ideas are related directly to their economic position, i. e. their function in capitalist society. Marx found that â€Å"conflict between economic groups is the major engine of change† (Macionis & Plummer, p. 9). â€Å"Marx's analysis centers on destructive aspects of industrial capitalism, especially the ways in which it promotes class conflict and alienation† (Macionis & Plummer, p. 79). â€Å"Alienation is the experience of isolation resulting from powerlessness† (Macionis & Plummer, p. 80). Marx's theories are relevant in today's world when we consider the problem of class division. There is an increa sing gap between unskilled working class people (e. g. factory workers, labourers) and middle/upper class people (company directors, land/property owners). Marx's â€Å"struggle between classes† is very evident today, where working class people who want to better themselves and move out of their lower social class, find it difficult to do so. They may not be given the same opportunities as people who, for example, live in richer, more developed areas, with better facilities, i. e. education, training, employment etc. Marx's theory on class division is also evident when we consider crime. There seem to be different social rules applied to class. We are familiar with the term â€Å"white collar crime† and the fact that this often carries lesser punishment than crime carried out by lower classes. Marx's theory on alienation can help us understand why people who are ambitious and strive to be successful and therefore work long hours are feeling alienated from society. Workers are told what work they should do, have often no real input on the outcome of the product, often work alone and by doing repetitive work, are alienated from their own human potential. This problem is being addressed by establishing company unions and work societies who represent workers interests and combat alienation, but the industrial capitalist societies as Marx saw them are still evident in many parts of the world today. Where Marx studied social change from a capitalist angle, Max Weber (1864-1920) considered human ideas, beliefs and values to be the cause of social change. For him, people's ideas have transforming power. He found that modern society is a product of people's way of thinking as opposed to Marx's views that modern technology and capitalism brought about change. Weber argued that pre-industrial societies' views are mainly traditional, i. e. â€Å"sentiments and beliefs passed from generation to generation† (Macionis & Plummer, p. 1), whereas people in modern societies act rationally, â€Å"deliberate matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient means to accomplish a particular goal† (Macionis & Plummer, p. 82). He viewed the industrial revolution as a rationalisation of society. â€Å"People tried to replace tradition with reason and law as the basis for societal organisation† (Tovey & Share, p. 14). Weber argued that the main form of rationalisation was bureaucracy as a way to control larger organisations. He also found that industrial capitalism was based on Calvinism, where it is pre-destined, God's will, that some people will do well in this world and that they are given the opportunity to enjoy the materialist, monetary wealth this brings. Like Marx, Weber believed that a problem of industrial capitalism is widespread alienation. But in his view, this was due to disenchantment with the world rather than oppression and false consciousness, i. e. that â€Å"social problems are grounded in the shortcomings of individuals rather than the flaws of society† (Macionis & Plummer, p. 78). We can see Weber's theory that rationality wears away traditional ties of kinship when we look at today's modern societies. There is evidence that family values are decreasing with long working hours and with, in a lot of modern families, both parents being career-orientated. Modern technology has also affected traditional family values. The introduction of TV, stereos, computers, telephones, have all decreased the time we spend in direct personal contact with family members and friends. It can be argued that modern technology has enabled us to carry out tasks quicker and save time, but that extra time is seldom ever spent with family. Rationalising society has given rise to alienation. We are classed as numbers and cases, rather than individuals. Loss of identity is often the result when we consider large-scale organisations, which, as Weber found, may work very well and efficient in their bureaucratic way, but at the cost of our own individuality. This may be the reason why so many countries do not see modern societies, e. g. Europe and USA as advanced and are therefore not willing to embrace modern technology with all its' problems like alienation. Emilie Durkheim (1858-1917) viewed society as a structure of social facts. Society has a life of its' own and can shape our thoughts, ideas and actions. Durkheim argued that society makes us who we are. He saw social change due to division of labour. Like Weber, Durkheim argued that in pre-industrial societies, strong tradition was the main societal influence. He added that this tradition bound people together and termed this â€Å"collective conscience†. From this he concluded that people of the same social beliefs are part of â€Å"mechanical solidarity† i. e. social bonds, based on shared morality, that unite members of pre-industrial societies† (Macionis & Plummer, p. 89). He saw that with the advancement of modernity, this mechanical solidarity was increasingly replaced by â€Å"organic solidarity† i. e. â€Å"social bonds, based on specialisation, that unite members of industrial societies† (Macionis & Plummer, p. 89). Therefore, this solidarity is based on differences as opposed to likeness. As jobs became more specialised to promote efficiency, we have to rely on others, mainly strangers, to ensure the successful completion of tasks. This may create a lack of morality, due to the increased freedom people of modern society have. They are no longer held together by strict traditional moral social regulations. Another term which Durkheim coined is â€Å"anomie†, which is â€Å"a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals† (Macionis & Plummer). Fewer restrictions are imposed on people in modern societies and whereas Durkheim acknowledges the advantages of modern freedom, he warned of the negative effect of anomie. Anomie can be seen in modern society when we look at why some famous, successful, rich people are unhappy, have mental breakdowns and sometimes even commit suicide. Durkheim's study of suicide is very relevant today, as he found that people with little attachment to society (anomie) or over attachment to society are more likely to commit suicide than others. Durkheim saw the decreasing importance on morality as a result of modernisation and we can see its' effect in today's world, e. g. increase in crime and deviance. This paper has now considered three different theories, which can explain and help us understand industrial capitalist societies and have looked at how these theories are relevant in today's world. We have argued that the advancement of technology, which is at the heart of our modern world, is not necessarily good for our society. It has brought its' own problems, like do we enjoy our high standards of living at the expense of others? Inequality will remain a huge problem. Marx has seen class division to be a major negative result of modernisation. Weber's view that modern society is wearing away traditional ties and the loss of individualism is evident in today's contemporary world, when we consider social problems like crime, decreasing family values, family structure breakdown etc. Durkheim's theory is that modernity has decreased close moral ties and has led to increased isolation and anomie. There is no question that modern technology has benefited societies in many ways, but the price we have to pay for this technological advancement may be the loss of human community, moral values and beliefs.

Btk Killer Dennis Radar

BTK killer whale DENNIS RADAR Dennis microwave radar as well cognize as the BTK Killer was born on March 9, 1945 to William Elvin radio detection and ranging and Dorothea Mae Cook he was the oldest of their four children he was born in Pittsburg Kansas he grew up in Wichita and go to Riverview School and later(prenominal) graduated from Wichita senior high High School, according to several(prenominal) reports for him as a child make nigh confessions that he tortured wildcats, he as well as had a sexual fetish for womens underwear he would later unhorse stealing panties from his victims and wearing them.Dennis Radar attend Kansas Wesleyan University from 1965-1966 indeed he washed-out four yrs in the U. S. Air suck from 1966- 1970. In 1973 he attended pantryman County Community College where he earned his associates course in electronics and in the f only(prenominal) he went to Wichita State University he graduated with his bachs degree in 1979. Dennis Radar later on in feeling married a lady named Paula Dietz on May 22, 1971 they so had unmatchable parole and one daughter. Dennis Radar worked as a assembler for a Coleman Comp both from 1972-1973 which was a camping gear firm where he has two of his early victims.He then work for a short snip at a place named Cessna in 1973, then from November 1974 until universe fired in July 1988 Dennis Radar worked for a security friendship that non only installed only when excessively sold alarms for inhabitations as well as businesses he umteen new(prenominal) jobs nevertheless one that was bad is that Dennis Radar started functional as a supervisor for submission Department at Park urban center where he was in charge of animal control, zoning, housing problems, and a variety of bother cases while in this position his neighbors where he had euthanized her dog for no reason on March 2, 2005, the Park City council concluded Radars employment for impuissance to report to work cod to him being arrested for around pips that he was accused for five days early.Radar served as non only a Animal restrain yet also a menu of Zoning appeals where he was appointed in 1996 and resigned in 1988. On July 27. 2005 Radars was arrested by Judge Eric Yost who also waved a 60 day waiting full stop and granted immediate divorce from his married woman Radar did a not battle for the divorce later on 33 yrs due to her intellectual health being in danger not only mental but also physi bordery from their marriage. Dennis Radar had several victims that he had killed. On January 15, 1974 he killed four members from the Otero family he killed Joseph Otero, Julie Otero his wife, Joseph Otero II his son, and Josephine Otero his daughter. On April 4, 1974 he killedKathryn Bright he also shot her brother Kevin doubly but he survived. On March 17, 1977 he killed Shirley Vian. On December 8, 1977 he killed Nancy Fox. On April 27, 1985 he killed Marine Hedge. On family 16, 1986 he kille d Vickie Wegerle, and then on January 19, 1991 he killed Delores Davis. One of his victims Anna Williams 63 who in 1979 take flight conclusion by returning theme much later then he expected her to take after home. He later on wrote a letter that he knew would farm him a lot of economic aid here is the letter I croptle the news makeup not writing more than or less the poem on Vain unamusing. A little paragraph would imbibe enough. I k flat it not the media fault.The constabulary principal he keep things quiet, and doesnt let the worldly concern know in that lieu a psycho running around lose choking almostly women, there 7 in the ground who will be contiguous? How many do I encounter to Kill before I get a name in the paper or some national charge does the cop think that all those deaths are not related? Golly -gee, yes the M. O. is different in each, but look a plan is developing. The victims are tie up-most have been women- promise cut- recreate some bondage mater sadist tendencies-no struggle, foreign the death spot-no witness exclude the Vains Kids. They were very(prenominal) lucky a phone call save them. I was going to enter the boys and put plastics bag all oer there head comparable I did Joseph, and Shirley. And then hang the girl. God-oh God what a splendiferous sexual relief that would been.Josephine when I hung her very turn me on her pleading for tenderness then the rope took whole, she helpless look at me with wide terror gratify eyes the rope getting tighter-tighter. You dont guess these things because your not under the influence of part x). The same thing that do tidings of Sam, Jack the Ripper, Havery Glatman, Boston Strangler, Dr. H. H. Holmes Panty hosepipe Strangler OF Florida, Hillside Strangler, Ted of the West Coast and many more infamous character kill. Which search s senseless, but we cannot help it. at that place is no help, no cure, except death or being caught and put away. It a terrible nightm are but, you see I dont lose any sleep over it.After a thing kindred Fox I come home and go about life desire anyone else. And I will be like that until the urge hit me again. It not continuous and I dont have a lot of metre. It takes conviction to set a kill, one mistake and it all over. Since I about blew it on the phone-handwriting is out-letter precede is so long and typewriter can be traced to my short poem of death and perchance a drawing later on real picture and maybe a tape of the sound will come your way. How will you know me before a murder or murders you will nonplus a write of the initials B. T. K. you keep that copy the original will show up someday guesswho? Because Rader did not contest his guilt, most raise was not tested in court.However, physical and circumstantial facts that would have corroborated Rader as the BTK killer include DNA analysis of BTKs semen and material taken from underneath the fingernails of victim Vicki Wegerle match the DNA write of Dennis Rader. Raders grammar and writing style matches letters and poems get from BTK, though none of his communications were handwritten, but typed, stenciled, stamped with a stamp set or computer generated. A pay phone that the killer used to report a murder in 1977 was located a few blocks from ADT Security (Raders workplace at the time). Rader had attended Wichita State University in the 1970s. Wichita Police Detective Arlyn G.Smith II and his furnish George Scantlin traced BTKs photocopied communications to two photocopy machines, one at Wichita State University and a split second copier at the Wichita Public Library. BTK murder victim Kathryn Brights brother Kevin, who was shot twice by BTK killer. Rader lived on the same passage as Marine Hedge, just houses away. The BTK killers other victims were in and around central Wichita, except for his final victim Dolores (Dee) Davis, who lived a half-mile vitamin E of Park City. twain of the victims (Julie Otero and Kathryn Br ight) worked at the Coleman Company, though not during the same period that Rader worked there. Rader worked at Coleman only a short time and not at the same location as the victims. Raders 16 plus moment confession, given fully and freely after receiving multiple Miranda warnings and recorded on over 20 DVDs, in which he alluded to all 10 known murders in curious (and grisly) detail. Semen found on Josephine Otero or near the bodies of his victims Josephine Otero, Shirley Vian and Nancy Fox was critical evidence linking Rader to the criminal offences, and DNA obtained from fingernail scrapings of Vicki Wegerles left hand matched Raders DNA, eliminating any doubt that he was her murderer. Other cool cases in Kansas were reopened to see if Raders DNA matched crime scenes but Raders confession was limited to the 10 known victims and police and prosecutors do not believe there were any more victims because of the extensive records and memorabilia he kept on each of his victims.He la ter got caught and had several charges put against him here is just some of the charges he got against him On February 28, 2005, Rader was formally aerated with 10 counts of first degree. He made his first appearance via video meeting from jail. He was represented by a public defender. Bail was continued at $10 million. On May 3, district Court Judge Gregory Waller entered not indictable pleas to the 10 charges on Raders behalf, as Rader did not speak at his arraignment. On June 27, the schedule trial date, Rader changed his plea to guilty. He unemotionally described the murders in detail, and made no apologies. On August 18, Rader faced sentencing. Victims families made statements, followed by Rader, who apologized for the crimes.He was sentenced to 10 attendant life terms, which requires a minimum of clxxv years without a chance of parole. Because Kansas had no death penalty at the time the murders were committed, life imprisonment was the maximum penalty allowed by law. On A ugust 19, Rader was move from the Sedgwick County Jail to the El Dorado Correctional zeal a Kansas State Prison to swallow serving his life sentence as inmate 0083707 with an earliest possible reveal date of February 26, 2180. agree to witnesses, while locomotion the 40-minute drive from Wichita to El Dorado, Rader talked about pure topics such as the weather, but began to abuse when the victims families statements from the court proceedings came on the radio.Rader is now being held in the EDCF Special oversight unit, also known as solitudinarian confinement for the inmates own protection, a designation he most liable(predicate) will retain for the remainder of his incarceration. He is confined to the cell 23 hours a day with the exception of voluntary only one-hour exercise yard time, and access to the shower stall three times per week. Beginning April 23, 2006, having reached incentive Level Two, Rader has been allowed to purchase and travel along television, purchase and listen to the radio, receive and immortalize magazines, and have other privileges for good behavior. The victims families disagreed with this decision. According to Raders record in the Kansas Department of corrections database, he had a Class Two disciplinary report concerning mail on April 10, 2006.

Great Northern American Case Study Essay

The textbook defines cognition as the process by which the individual selects, organizes, interprets, and responds to in representation. The Oxford lexicon defines apprehension as the ability to fulfill, hear, or befit aw atomic number 18 of something through the senses the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted. Your perception is your reality, therefore statements such as, the customer is forever and a day right, hold true to a reliable extent. What hatful perceive is what they believe, based on what they see, hear, and think. Perception affects decisiveness patch up and the choices batch induce. This is why it is exacting non only for the gross revenuepeople of huge northern American to agnise how people form perceptions, but this is important for any(prenominal) person looking to make up blood relationships and incorruptible customers. Customer satisfaction is crucial to create business relationships and repeat customers. To be palm y, salespeople must quickly recognize opportunities and predict the changing needs and wants of customers.Recent advances in customer equity interrogation have rekindled the vastness of hireing how customers form perceptions of satisfaction and quality (Blattberg and Deighton, 1996). It is in like manner essential for Joe Salatinos sales force to understand that the drivers of customer satisfaction whitethorn shift oer time. Things happen graduall(a)y and peoples perception may change. Why do consumers choose certain products to purchase over others? accord to Don Shapiro, chairperson and Founder of First Concepts Consultants, Inc, mass say yes because they see a steep perceived repute in what is offered for sale. If perceptions of value argon high, the more likely the sale will be made. Closing the sale is earlier just approximately raising the customers perceptions of value as high as possible (Shapiro, 2012). This is where things like subscribing to prospects local newspapers and re scrutinizing things they value come into play. The average cognised and trained sales person does not go far sufficiency in developing these things with their prospects.They do enough to be a good decl atomic number 18r but pull back sales they could have closed had they just through with(p) a bit more. They simply do not fully understand what is going on in spite of appearance their prospects minds, everything that might affect the prospects decisions and what would annex the prospects perceptions of value the nigh (Shapiro, 2012). Some statistics say the top ten percentage of salespeople comprehend what goes on inside a berth clients mind, their mind of how people form perceptions gives them a competitive advantage. Attribution is the method in which people use training to render conclusions about the causes of behavior or events. The ability to determine how people make attributions is a tremendous positive for the salespeople of bully northerly Am erican. This element gives them an opportunity to take the information in order to convince perspective clients to make the purchase.The 30-person sales force of the Great Northern American Telemarketing Company get tos on rush and bonuses, therefore I believe the expectation possibility would be most appropriate for Joe Salatino to contain. In the interrogative sentence of behavioral issues related to sales force stipend, fore mind theory has enjoyed substantial popularity. The forethought theory suggests that some(prenominal) the desirability of the recompense or honorarium (referred to as valance) and an individuals estimate of the likelihood of attaining that punish (referred to as expectancy) be important determinants of a sales reps behavior. In the context of sales compensation issues, expectancy theory suggests that any method of compensation should (1) tie reward to performance, and (2) strengthen the salespersons perceived connection between performance and t he reward received (Chowdhury and Massad, 1997). Motivational strategies be incumbent for the expectancy theory, motivation and performance are positively correlated.An subjoin in the level of motivation should correspond to an increase in the amount of effort expended in selling projections, which in turn should im evoke performance (Chowdhury and Massad, 1997). agree to the case study, the Great Northern American showroom features all kinds of motivational devices such as rotating colour lights along with noise and a fast pace, all which create a perfect environment for the expectancy theory. Executing the expectancy theory can prove to be a challenging, yet purposeful business that goes beyond an annual re learn. Six implementations Joe Salatino could use to apply the expectancy theory allow 1) to make expectations clear, 2) furnish persisting feedback, 3)use corrective actions privately, 4) believe in your employees, 5) use praise tactics publicly, and 6) make reward s achievable. According to David Burkus, the editor of LDRLB, employees without goals will be naturally aimless. Joe Salatino should bequeath his sales team with clear achievable goals and make sure there are measurable standards in place to evaluate their performance.Giving immediate, continuous feedback allows an employee to receive that their actions affect not just them, but the bon ton as well. Joe should keep in mind that employees are motivated by setting goals and by receiving continuous feedback on where they stand relative to those goals. Recent research shows how rewarding it can be when employees are cognisant they are making progress. Most people are discouraged by negative feedback, especially if they shade its embarrassing. Therefore, the most adequate place to plow an ongoing, performance-related issue or correcting a recent, specific wrongdoing is in an office, with the door closed. Joe should withal believe in his employees the perception of a leaders trus t is the differentiate factor of revolutionary leadership. Make announcements of praise publicly, make everyone aware when an employee has made a particularly gravid presentation, sale, or any other notable achievement. nevertheless though competition at Great Northern American is stiff for the sales force repayable to the internet users, it is still important to make bonuses and rewards achievable. turn the basis for the awards, for example, top sales might be one category, but other categories can include top research or most diligent. spy that numerous types of merits can motivate your employees to focus on additional areas of their performance. Other ways Mr. Salatino can dish out improve employees performance is by helping employees to make love the mastery of their work and then add argufys as their mastery starts to unfold. Leverage brotherly persuasion by igniting faith in employees while simultaneously place situations for their success. Highlight realistic models of engagement.Help employees develop resolution while reducing anxiety and depression so they k instantaneously they can do what is necessary to produce a certain outcome. Self-efficacy refers to peoples tactual sensation in their ability to muster up what is necessary to exercise control over lifes challenges. People with stronger self- efficient beliefs tend to set higher personalised goals and remain committed to those goals in the face of disappointment. They alike view challenges as tasks to be masteredand regain quickly from setbacks. Self-efficacy is particularly relevant to success in sales where adversities such as rejection, stress, and competition are unavoidable aspects of the profession. When salespeople hold strong self efficacious beliefs, they are better able to adjust to adversity and more likely to remain committed to assisting customers, making sales, and meeting quotas. In contrast, for salespeople who lack confidence in their professional abilities, these adversities increase their sense of helplessness and light their commitment toward goal achievement, often leading to drug withdrawal from clients, the organization, or the profession (Lewin and Sager, 2010).Joe Salatino can leverage an understanding of the value of self-efficacy to ensure he hires the most successful salespeople in a number of different ways. He needs to be sure not to throw self-esteem, which is having a good view of yourself with self-efficacy, which is belief about your ability and capacity to accomplish a task or to deal with the challenges of life. By keeping these twain things distinct, Joe can choose better qualified candidates for Great Northern American. There is a major interlingual rendition in the degree to which salespeople perceive job conditions as trying. Research has shown there are huge differences in the way individual salespeople respond to job stressors and view workloads. Self-efficacy is one of the determining factors. You can give ver y(a) sales situations to two people and it will be viewed very differently depending on the level of self-efficacy.A salesperson with low self-efficacy may find the designation intolerable and extremely stressful, whereas an individual with high self-efficacy may perceive it as practical and not stressful at all. Concluding that low self-efficacy can make people believe that tasks are harder than they actually are and may view job expectations as severalise and confusing. Individuals with higher levels of self-efficacy are more capable of traffic with higher job demands and possess the ability to view difficult situations as a challenge kinda than seeing them as a threat. Social cognitive theory suggests that individuals form beliefs about what they can and cannot do. Those beliefs are used to set individual goals, to predict consequences of behaviors, and to commence actions required for goal achievement. Self-efficacy is the central mechanism of self-regulation.Peoples belief s in their efficacy influence the choices they make, their aspirations, how frequently effort they mobilize in a prone endeavor, how long they persevere in the face of difficulties and setbacks, whether their thought patterns are self-hindering or self- guardianshiping, the amount of stress they have in coping with taxing environmental demands, and their vulnerability to depression. Sales research views self-efficacy as a hypercritical variable that can influence salespeoples perceptions and responses to challenges and negative situations on the job. People with higher self-efficacy believe in their ability to handle their work well and are more likely to become successful in their careers.Self-efficacy enhances employees willingness to exert effort and master a challenge and thus, plays an important role in increasing work effectiveness, job satisfaction, and productivity. Because salespeople are monitored on their individual performance, experience high rates of rejection, and practice more autonomy, it is imperative for Mr. Salatino to select highly self-efficacious individuals.In addition to searching for individuals with excellent communication skills, those that possess an upbeat berth and are highly self-motivated, it would be to Great Northern Americans advantage for Joe to search for individuals who also possess conscientiousness and extraversion. Having the knowledge that self-efficacy is derived from mastery experiences, social persuasion, and stress resilience will also aid in selecting the most successful salespeople to help build an even more successful company now and in the years to come.ReferencesChowdhury, J., & Massad, V.J. (1997). An eclectic paradigm of salesperson compensation toward a comprehensive framework of the determinants of sales compensation modes. Journal of Marketing Management (10711988), 7(1), 61-80. learning Theories Knowledgebase (2012, November). Attribution Theory (Weiner) at Learning-Theories.com. Retrieved November 1st, 2012 from http//www.learning-theories.com/weiners-attribution-theory.htmlLewin, J. E., & Sager, J. K. (2010). The Influence of face-to-face Characteristics and Coping Strategies on Salespersons Turnover Intentions. Journal Of in the flesh(predicate) Selling & Sales Management, 30(4), 355-370.Shapiro, D. Why people barter for conclusions from 30 years studying prospects and salespeople. July 30, 2012. Retrieved on November 1, 2012 from http//www.marketingexecutives.biz/why-people-buy-conclusions-30-years-studying-prospects-and-salespeople