A History of Bow and Arrow Technology

A History of Bow and Arrow Technology Bow and arrow hunting (or archery) is a technology first developed by early modern humans in Africa, perhaps as long as 71,000 years ago. Archaeological evidence shows that the technology was certainly used by humans during the Howiesons Poort phase of Middle Stone Age Africa, between 37,000 and 65,000 years ago; recent evidence at South Africas Pinnacle Point cave tentatively pushes the initial use back to 71,000 years ago. However, there is no evidence that the bow and arrow technology was used by people who migrated out of Africa until the Late Upper Paleolithic or Terminal Pleistocene, at most 15,000-20,000 years ago. The oldest surviving organic elements of bows and arrows only date to the Early Holocene of about 11,000 years ago. Africa: Middle Stone Age, 71,000 years ago.Europe and Western Asia: Late Upper Paleolithic, although there are no UP rock art paintings of archers and the oldest arrow shafts date to the Early Holocene, 10,500 BP; the earliest bows in Europe are from the bog site of Stellmor in Germany, where 11,000 years ago someone lost a pine arrow shaft with nocks in the end.Japan / Northeast Asia: Terminal Pleistocene.North / South America: Terminal Pleistocene. Making a Bow and Arrow Set Based on modern-day San Bushmen bow-and-arrow manufacture, existing bows and arrows curated in South African museums as well as archaeological evidence for Sibudu Cave, Klasies River Cave, and Umhlatuzana Rockshelter in South Africa, Lombard and Haidle (2012) operationalized the basic process of making a bow and arrows. To make a bow and a set of arrows, the archer needs stone tools (scrapers, axes, woodworking adzes, hammerstones, tools for straightening and smoothing wooden shafts, flint for making fire), a container (ostrich eggshell in South Africa) for carrying water, ochre mixed with resin, pitch, or tree gum for adhesives, fire for blending and setting the adhesives, tree saplings, hardwood and reeds for the bow stave and arrow shafts, and animal sinew and plant fiber for binding material. The technology for making a bow stave is close to that of making a wooden spear (first made by Homo heidelbergensis more than 300,000 years ago); but the differences are that instead of straightening a wooden lance, the archer needs to bend the bow stave, string the bow, and treat the stave with adhesives and fat to prevent splitting and cracking. How Does It Compare to Other Hunting Technologies? From a modern standpoint, the bow and arrow technology  is definitely a leap forward from lance and atlatl (spear thrower) technology. Lance technology involves a long spear which is used to thrust at prey. An atlatl is a separate piece of bone, wood or ivory, that acts as a lever to increase the power and speed of a throw: arguably, a leather strap attached to the end of a lance spear might be a technology between the two. But bow and arrow technology has a number of technological advantages over lances and atlatls. Arrows are longer-range weapons, and the archer needs less space. To fire off an atlatl successfully, the hunter needs to stand in big open spaces and be highly visible to his/her prey; arrow hunters can hide behind bushes and shoot from a kneeling position. Atlatls and spears are limited in their repeatability: a hunter can carry one spear and maybe as many as three darts for an atlatl, but a quiver of arrows can include a dozen or more shots. To Adopt or Not to Adopt Archaeological and ethnographic evidence suggests that these technologies were rarely mutually exclusive- groups combined spears and atlatls and bows and arrows with nets, harpoons, deadfall traps, mass-kill kites, and buffalo jumps, and many other strategies as well. People vary their hunting strategies based on the prey being sought, whether it is big and dangerous or wily and elusive or marine, terrestrial or airborne in nature. The adoption of new technologies can profoundly affect the way a society is constructed or behaves. Perhaps the most important difference is that lance and atlatl hunting are group events, collaborative processes that are successful only if they include a number of family and clan members. In contrast, bow and arrow hunting can be achieved with just one or two individuals. Groups hunt for the group; individuals for the individual families. That is a profound social change, affecting almost every aspect of life including who you marry, how big is your group, and how status is conveyed. One issue that might also have affected the adoption of the technology may be that bow and arrow hunting simply has a longer training period than atlatl hunting. Brigid Grund (2017) examined records from modern competitions for atlatl (Atlatl Association International Standard Accuracy Contest) and archery (Society for Creative Anachronism InterKingdom Archery Competition). She discovered an individuals atlatl scores increase steadily, showing improvement in skill within the first few years. Bow hunters, however, do not begin to approach maximum skill until the fourth or fifth year of competition. The Great Technology Shift There is much to be understood in the processes of how technology changed and indeed which technology came first. The earliest atlatl we have dates to the Upper Paleolithic, only 20,000 years ago: the South African evidence is quite clear that bow and arrow hunting is much older still. But archaeological evidence being what it is, we still dont really know the complete answer about the dates of hunting technologies and we may never have a better definition of when the inventions occurred than at least as early as. People adapt to technologies for reasons other than just because something is new or shiny. Every new technology is characterized by its own costs and benefits for the task at hand. Archaeologist Michael B. Schiffer referred to this as application space: that the level of adoption of a new technology depends on the number and variety of tasks that it could be used on, and which it is best suited to. Old technologies are rarely completely obsoleted, and the transition period can be very long indeed. Sources Angelbeck B, and Cameron I. 2014. The Faustian bargain of technological change: Evaluating the socioeconomic effects of the bow and arrow transition in the Coast Salish past. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 36:93-109.Bradfield J. 2012. Macrofractures on bone-tipped arrows: analysis of hunter-gatherer arrows in the Fourie collection from Namibia. Antiquity 86(334):1179-1191. Brown KS, Marean CW, Jacobs Z, Schoville BJ, Oestmo S, Fisher EC, Bernatchez J, Karkanas P, and Matthews T. 2012. An early and enduring advanced technology originating 71,000 years ago in South Africa. Nature 491(7425):590-593.Callanan M. 2013. Melting snow patches reveal Neolithic archery. Antiquity 87(337):728-745.Coolidge FL, Haidle MN, Lombard M, and Wynn T. 2016. Bridging theory and bow hunting: human cognitive evolution and archaeology. Antiquity 90(349):219-228.Erlandson J, Watts J, and Jew N. 2014. Darts, Arrows, and Archaeologists: Distinguishing Dart and Arrow Points in the Archaeological Record. American Antiquity 79(1):162-169. Grund BS. 2017. Behavioral Ecology, Technology, and the Organization of Labor: How a Shift from Spear Thrower to Self Bow Exacerbates Social Disparities. American Anthropologist 119(1):104-119.Kennett DJ, Lambert PM, Johnson JR, and Culleton BJ. 2013. Sociopolitical Effects of Bow and Arrow Technology in Prehistoric Coastal California. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 22(3):124-132.Lombard M, and Haidle MN. 2012. Thinking a Bow-and-arrow Set: Cognitive Implications of Middle Stone Age Bow and Stone-tipped Arrow Technology. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 22(02):237-264.Lombard M, and Phillipson L. 2010. Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64,000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Antiquity 84(325):635–648.Whittaker JC. 2016. Levers, Not Springs: How a Spearthrower Works and Why It Matters. In: Iovita R, and Sano K, editors. Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Stone Age Weaponry. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. p 65-74.

10 things you get from our custom term paper writing service Essay Example

10 things you get from our custom term paper writing service Essay Example 10 things you get from our custom term paper writing service Essay 10 things you get from our custom term paper writing service Essay With every new academic year lessons are getting harder, amount of assignments is increasing and free time is getting more limited. Sleepless nights of study, missed classes and many other reasons are necessitating students to turn themselves to the custom writing services to get qualified writing help with their assignments. Once you choose to use our writing service, you will be entitled to a long list of advantages you get with us. In this short article, 10 things you get from our custom term paper writing service will be touched on briefly. First of all, with us you will get excellently written custom term papers which match all your needs and requirements. All papers what we provide our customers with are written by experienced writers who have at least over 2 years of experience on extensive academic research and writing experience in the paper writing service. Secondly, we guarantee to you that writers hired by our paper writing service provider will conduct in-depth research on the specific topic given by your instructions. Under no circumstance our writers conduct research haphazardly and every time they investigate the topic and instructions provided by your tutor in all details. Every term paper request is handled with the seriousness it deserves. Thirdly, we offer a lot of free extra service to all our clients. Some of these are free cover page, free bibliography page, free table of contents, free formatting, outline and so on. While other custom term paper writing services demands students to make additional payments for these features, we offer them freely and never charge you for them. If you need one of them to be included in your paper, just mention it in your order details and our writers will gladly include them to your paper. The fourth advantage that you get from us is excellent customer support service. Our customer support team will guide you through the whole process of your order, starting from the first step (order placement) and to the last step (downloading a completed order). Advantage number five involves direct access to the writers who are working on your orders. This gives you the possibility of directing your writers. You will be able to contact your writer anytime you need it, provide your thoughts about the paper give your feedback, clarify whether the writer needs from you any clarifications, notify the writer about important files or lectures uploaded for writing of your assignment, and request any additional information in regard to your paper. This will benefit you by having a completed order that matches all your expectations. Sixth advantage is our convenient revisions policy which allows you request a revision of your paper anytime you need it. Due to this factor, you will be able to modify your paper without any troubles even if it was already completed. Unlike other custom essays service providers who charge their customers for revisions, we assure our customers that they will never be charged for revisions. Seventh advantage of our paper writing service is clients satisfaction and full money back guarantee. All jobs we do are targeted to meet clients expectations and help them to succeed. Therefore, we give our customers satisfaction guarantee. If you are not satisfied with the work of any of our writers we will refund full amount that you had paid while placing your order. Meanwhile refunds are rare at our service due to the high quality of the papers we write, our full money back policy ensures that you will be totally satisfied with the paper you get, otherwise you can easily claim to get your money back and receive it. Clients satisfaction rate is our main priority and we work for it round a clock. Advantage number eight, we fulfill our promise to safeguard your privacy. That means that as long as you are working with us, your confidentiality will be guaranteed. We never share personal information of our customers with any third parties and even our writers. All personal details what you provide us with will never be disclosed. Ninth advantage, we guarantee to meet your deadlines and deliver all of your orders on time. We understand how important it is for our clients to get their orders on time and a minute later. Hence, due to the highly professional writers who work at our service and due to well developed delivery system, we are ensured that all your paper will be delivered due to selected by you date and, if possible even faster. The 10th advantage of our company is authenticity. We guarantee that all papers written by our writers are totally plagiarism free and written from scratch. We check each assignment before the delivery and make sure that is 100% original and written according to the instructions specified by you. We offer 24/7 live support for all our clients and students who would like to know more about our service. You can contact our support through live chat or email.

Organizational Behavior Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational Behavior - Assignment Example The researcher states that job satisfaction or dissatisfaction can be one of the most uplifting or damning things for an organization and its management to ponder. It directly affects the morale of the workers and contributes to the success or failure of the enterprise to achieve its goals. Herzberg found that there were two sets of factors that impacted on the job satisfaction level of employees. He called the positive ones Motivation factors and the negative ones Hygiene factors. In the job as a clerk at a University, the researcher has found that a clerk often complains of the low salary and restrictive and archaic company policies. However a clerk has taken this job just to support his studies at the University. At the same time it helps him understand how the University is run. On the other hand, he has a good working relationship with his boss as well as his peers, which helps her survive and look forward to the next working day. For the researcher, he plans to take a more care er oriented job, and would like to be challenged by exciting work assignments, with a sense of achievement and opportunities for further advancement and growth into a responsible managerial position. The researcher would also like to be remunerated well for my efforts because he believes that money is a great motivator and can help one get many comforts in life. But he would also agree that in any organization, there must be enough incentives to let the employees do the work in peace and quiet and be properly appraised for it, so that they see that their effort is being recognized. 2. Take the short personality inventory related to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. The MBTI is the most popular psychological assessment tool for employee development. http://www.personalitytype.com/career_quiz Tell us your profile and whether or not it reflects what you know to be true about your personality. After taking the MBTI test, I have been typeset as INTJ or Introvert, Intuitive, Thinker, Judge r. This reflects about 2 to 4 percent of the U.S population. I find this assessment to be quite a faithful and correct representation of my character or personality. I am quite shy around people and do not automatically want to hug the limelight. I prefer to let my deeds speak for themselves. I also am a quiet sort of person and have trouble starting conversations with strangers, usually of the opposite sex. I usually start conversations by getting to the point after exchanging pleasantries and would find it difficult to make small talk just to pass the time. I am known to be direct but considerate at the same time. I like to judge situations and events and would be the first to point out mistakes and errors. I do not mean to be critical but it is really a natural trait. I would have trouble praising myself and am rather appalled at the way some other people readily praise themselves and picture themselves to be the heroes or people most sought after in every situation. It is as if the world would come to a stop without their presence. That said, I am quite confident and self assured in what I do and think. I think that I know what I am worth without any airs and pretensions. I believe that I should be rewarded for my contributions and hard work and would be upset if these were overlooked. I think that this sums up my personality quite well 3. Look at the Rokeach instrumental and terminal values in Exhibit 5-3 on page 147 of the text. According to your own personal values, rank the list from 1-18 with #1 being the most important to you and # 18 being the least. List your responses in order and tell us what insights you gained from this exercise. TERMINAL VALUES 1. A Comfortable Life 2. A World at Peace 3. A World of Beauty 4. A Sense of Accomplishment 5. An

What is the College Essay Topic For the Southeast?

What is the College Essay Topic For the Southeast?If you have applied to a school on the Southeast, you are not alone. Thousands of applicants are applying for every college in this region because the job market is so good.An entire industry has sprung up around the college in Texas. So, how do you stand out? How do you differentiate yourself from the competition?The first thing you must decide is what type of topic you want to write about. Is it purely academic? Or, maybe it is a more personal story that discusses your experiences as a student? Regardless of your theme, you must set some goals in mind for yourself when looking at this issue.So, how should you answer such questions? Well, the best approach to answer these questions is to research your area and decide what you would like to accomplish as a student. As a college student, you will be asked many types of essays, so you will need to be prepared.When you research college essay topics in your area, ask yourself what you are specifically looking for. Does it fall into one of the categories listed above? By answering this question, you will be well on your way to finding what it is you need to write about.Many people think that they can just choose any topic and be all set. This does not work in college. You must be prepared, and this means that you need to decide what you want to say about your area and what you want to say about yourself.By asking yourself these questions, you will know what you should write about and who it is that you are trying to write for. By knowing the subject, you will also be able to know what type of writing you will be required to do.

Top Secret Facts About Does Writing an Essay Increase My Chances of Getting into a College Uncovered by the Experts

Top Secret Facts About Does Writing an Essay Increase My Chances of Getting into a College Uncovered by the Experts There are things you can do in order to boost your chances significantly. The tips below not only can help you land that spot at your fantasy school but in addition offer you useful tools for your upcoming college classes. Remain in contact with your admissions counselor. Plenty of things in life can and ought to be recycled. Does Writing an Essay Increase My Chances of Getting into a College Can Be Fun for Everyone Besides focusing on your grades, you still must figure out ways to devote your time beyond classwork and homework effectively. All you will need is good writing help given by qualified and expert professionals. There are a couple of steps a student can take to improve their chances at getting into a college of choice. Still, as soon as a specialist within the field manages editing of your essay, research or term papers, you've a lot more chances to find an extremely good grade. The Secret to Does Writing an Essay Increase My Chances of Getting into a College With our college entry essay, you are going to have more chances to turn into a student of a college you've chosen. Keep in mind, you have to stick out on your college admissions essays. It can be hard to locate specific details about a college's waitlist. The trick to convincing the admissions officers is in understanding what they want to find. A A may be the top grade. If your classwork already proves that you're studious and determined (because you've taken a wide selection of advanced classes), then you might want to highlight another feature of your personality. It's also hard to get right. Somebody's life chances will frequently be dependent on their social class inside their society. Getting into the university that you dream about by your own merits is the very best feeling on the planet. As a result of this, among the best things that you can do to he lp your application is to delve deep into your passions. Every college has a culture that they're very pleased with. Definitions of Does Writing an Essay Increase My Chances of Getting into a College Follow the advice above and you're going to boost your odds to compose an impressive admission essay in time! Lastly, the new essay is a totally optional section of the exam. You can pick one among a number of topics to compose your essay. Never wait to reach out to a professional from an expert writing agency if you discover a few of the tips difficult to follow along with. The Little-Known Secrets to Does Writing an Essay Increase My Chances of Getting into a College The essay that's full of bad puns or off-color jokes will often wind up in the rejection pile. Also, humor isn't a replacement for substance. Utilize your essay to demonstrate that you're thoughtful and mature, your personality has depth. The Fight Against Does Writing an Essay Increase My Chances of Getting int o a College It's crucial that your student write the essay at the most suitable moment. An admission essay doesn't need to take too long. One is the principal college essay. So yes, you'll have to compose a different admission essay for every single school you apply to. You're like ready to begin your essay when you have your outline. The essay isn't as scary as it appears. Instead, the essay needs to be focused on the way that it impacts who they are as an individual. Don't make the error of assuming your essay isn't that important. Rumors, Deception and Does Writing an Essay Increase My Chances of Getting into a College No matter how good you think your odds of acceptance are, the reality is, it's always possible your dream college may not admit any students from the waitlist that year. Many college applicants make the error of attempting to include all their accomplishments and activities in their application essays. A college application is similar to an ice cream sundae you can go crazy perfecting the proper mixture of toppings, but it will never work without the appropriate base. If you're sure a college is best for you, sending in a young application in November is arguably the best method to boost your chances. The best method to differentiate yourself and boost your odds of getting into an Ivy is through your activities beyond school. Some of my friends are referring to auditing the class therefore a very low grade won't impact their odds for college. A well-rounded student is a person who is capable of excelling in her or his classes while additionally remaining involved in extra-curricular activities like a sport, a club or an organization outside school. Again, don't forget that you are more than only a worldwide student. The Do's and Don'ts of Does Writing an Essay Increase My Chances of Getting into a College Our authors will do their very best to provide you a great bit of writing for sale. Since you know what it should say, it's simple to trick yourself into believing the essay says something it doesn't. This essay is an opportunity to tell admissions folks who you are as an individual. Think, for a minute, about reading your favourite book.

The Secrets of Busi 620 Research Paper Topics Revealed

The Secrets of Busi 620 Research Paper Topics Revealed The results of a purchases paper on the internet can demonstrate the importance of relying on experts for such support. As an example, in the instance of the effect of minimum wages, the idea tells one how minimum wages and employment could possibly be connected, and the reason why they are connected. You're lucky if you're given one or can select from the list, but usually you get into sink or swim situation when you need to get a subject for your research all on your own. Research is a fundamental portion of virtually every profession. You can both utilize personal experience and cover new nuances for you, depending on the research of different authors and drawing your own personal conclusions. If inherent doubts trouble the student at the start, approaching the instructor before the actual work begins is a really very good idea. Even if a particular research paper topic is getting plenty of buzz at the moment or othe r men and women seem interested in writing about it, don't feel tempted to make it your topic if you don't genuinely have some kind of interest in it also. Actually, there's no law that forbids the presence of academic writing organizations. Needless to say, everything sounds very simple and interesting, but if you get started working on your research paper, you face a great deal of challenges. Therefore, it's much better to avail professional assistance for structuring a research paper. If you haven't ever written a research before, it's far better to get an expert help. You can do research in many different various ways. The Busi 620 Research Paper Topics Cover Up Keep on reading to discover ideas for a few of the most common global small business research topic tips that you can use and make your very own, distinctive and productive research paper. Do not pick a research paper topic that is quite difficult to research about. When you choose a research topic, make certain it is one which you understand and have a firm grasp on. Not all research paper topics are made equal, and you would like to make certain you decide on an excellent topic before you commence writing. Choosing one of our suggested topics will let you start writing a thriving research paper. Picking your topic is only the start. Very best research paper topic is one which can be backed up with sufficient evidence. If you're still a bit stuck or confused about how to choose the ideal research paper topic, I've produced a list of 50 topic ideas that will help you out. Finding the Best Busi 620 Research Paper Topics Very best college research paper topics are the ones which are original. To use a very simple example, say you would like to finish a research paper by a specific date, as it's important to your course work and can help you graduate with a greater grade. Any superior research paper takes a great deal more time than a standard essay or lab report. Writing a research paper on autism may be rewarding challenge whenever you have the ideal resources. Most Noticeable Busi 620 Research Paper Topics Below are the three most important aspects to consider to make certain yo u select the ideal research paper topics. Thus, you should think about highlighting these features to create the body more refined. If you decide to get a research paper from our site, you'll get a wide selection of advantages. Evidently, you won't have the ability to compose a research paper if sufficient information regarding the subject isn't available. When you are worried about writing research paper, it can cause you to be stressed and not to have the capacity to perform in the simplest way throughout different regions of your life. You will not just be in a position to put forth your ideas in best possible fashion however, you will also delight in writing it. The body is easily the most important section in which you have to pay more attention. In the present day and age, it would be silly not to make the most of this kind of fantastic resource that's right at just about any student's fingertips. Vital Pieces of Busi 620 Research Paper Topics Your task is to continu e from the very first paragraph by permitting the reader to fully grasp where you're coming from. As you state your primary concept, subject, and a purpose, be sure to capture reader's interest. A great paper topic needs to be interesting and ought to incorporate an original idea or position try to prevent cliche topics which will likely bore your reader. Thus, you must supply certain elements in the introduction itself that is likely to make the teachers hooked onto this issue. Life, Death, and Busi 620 Research Paper Topics A sample paper is offered in the Assignment Instructions folder and ought to be referred to for appropriate formatting. By comparison, it may also be employed to perform to complex tasks. The sources of the paper, together with the text, needs to be double-spaced. The response paper format is extremely important to produce your response paper accurate and to fulfill academic writing demands. Definitions of Busi 620 Research Paper Topics A superb mean s to think of novel and special idea is to scout internet or learn the hottest topic in the news. For you to compose a superb and intriguing small business research paper, your choice of topic has to be in your field of interest. Be certain the title isn't copied and justifies your research. There are scores of interesting small business topics for research paper writing. Also, be certain the topics provide ample prospect for procuring data. Without a suitable content, great research paper topics are not going to make sense. You need to try to pick a topic for your research subject based on the instructions of your professor. Busi 620 Research Paper Topics: No Longer a Mystery To be able to compose a paper, you are needed to compose a research question. When you have that narrowed down, you can concentrate your research and compose a remarkable paper. A paper is always simpler to write if you're interested in this issue, and you will be more motivated to do in-depth resea rch and compose a paper that actually covers the whole subject. Don't be scared to click the order if you require just the perfect research paper. Our academic writers will definitely compose impeccable papers. It is crucial to think about buying college papers online instead of doing it by yourself. If you're well versed with the topic writing an excellent research paper is going to be a cake walk for you. At times, superior research paper topics are just the easiest ones.

Criminal Justice Trends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Criminal Justice Trends - Essay Example In the case of Arab-American communities right after the September 11 terrorist attack, one substantial implications of such incident led to understanding how the US law would treat the Arab-American communities especially within the context of US legal system. There were four important barriers to effective law enforcement, which were found to obstruct good relationship between US law enforcement and Arab-American community: distrust between Arab-American community and law enforcement, deficient cultural awareness, difficulty in language, and prevailing concerns regarding immigration status and deportation (Victor & Naughton, 2010). Robinson (2009) argues that there is no such thing as existence of criminal justice in the US due to inefficient, uncoordinated and lack of harmonious consensus effort among criminal justice agencies. Nonetheless, Robinson points out that there are prevailing efforts in the justice system to emancipate justice and ensure reduction of crime. However, base d on his arguments on this issue, it seems the US criminal justice system lacks grandeur especially in the achievement of its goals. The proof of this is tantamount to Robinson’s suggestion for alternative goals for the criminal justice system and one of them would be meeting limited interests through placing certain population segments under control. Furthermore, Robinson adds to his argument that the law in the US does not actually represent all Americans. One of his major point is this, legislators at the federal and state level could not actually stand as representative of Americans from the point of view of demographic terms. Second, at some point one could not consider voters to be representative of Americans by looking at it from demographic terms. Finally, he shows evidence that most people do not actually vote. Another argument he specifically points out just to argue that no such thing as criminal justice exists in the US is relevant to the invention of law itself. He argues that crimes do not exist not until they are invented by law makers. This means that there are still certain crimes that could exist without corresponding action from the criminal judicial system due lack of detailed law regarding them. One specific example of this is the continuing subjective concerns underlying organized crimes. Another point is the varying legal policies for certain crimes from state to state or based on demographic terms. Robinson also adds in his argument that there exists an undermining of due process values due to excessive support for crime control values. He cites the very case how the media stereotype crimes and criminal justice. His proof is the focus media have on most violent and random types of crimes in the US. Robinson also points out that police tend to be more biased against poor people and people of color. Robinson calls this as innocent bias. Robinson also presents statistical evidence showing that the plea dispersal could reach more tha n 90 percent of felony crimes, implying further that one could less likely expect a reasonable criminal trial in the US. Furthermore, Robinson includes the idea that one could actually associate