The Study Of Motivation In Sport Physical Education Essay

The Study Of Motivation In Sport Physical Education Essay This reviewed research is on motivation in sport. A variety of definitions and approaches to the study motivation will be discussed. One of the forms of motivation being discussed will be intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivations are very important for promoting satisfaction and long term participation in sport. There are three theoretical approaches to the study of intrinsic motivation: behavioral, cognitive, and motivational. Researchers have found that the intrinsic motivation of athletes seems extremely important for long-term involvement, and fine-tuned performance in sport. Extrinsic motivation refers to motivation that comes from outside an individual. The motivating factors are external, or outside, rewards such as money or grades. These rewards provide satisfaction and pleasure that the task itself may not provide. Another form of motivation has to do with gender. Researches have determined that there are motivational differences among male and female sports. Its also been determined that male and female athletes possess different strengths and weaknesses within the motivational climate. Some detailed differences stated were that men had higher levels of motivation in competition, social acknowledgment, strength and endurance, where women had stronger motivation to control weight. The last factor I will cover is cultural effect on motivation. Introduction to your Research Topic Deci, et al. (1999) state that intrinsic motivation can also be enhanced by increasing an individuals perceptions of autonomy and competence. Deci, et al. (1999) also showed that research supported the idea that extrinsic motivations impact on intrinsic motivation was influenced by the controlling nature of those extrinsic rewards. For instance, positive feedback that is not considered controlling would likely add to an individuals perceived competence and have a positive effect on their intrinsic motivation. Vallerand (2000) looks at motivation in a multidimensional manner that encompasses more than the dichotomy of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. He states that motivation for both is on a continuum that ranges from a high to low level of determination and that operates on three distinct levels: global (ones overall general motivation), contextual (in a specific domain or field such as education or sports), and situational (the here and now). At each of these levels individuals can have different motivation levels (both intrinsic and extrinsic). For example, one could be highly intrinsically motivated to participate in sports, but less intrinsically motivated regarding education (contextual). However, if a person is feeling ill or tired, they may not have the same intrinsic motivation to participate in sports activities that day (situational). Extrinsic rewards could be applied to both and impact situational motivation in both the short and long term. For example, that individual might be highly motivated to do well on a test and receive a good grade (extrinsic motivation) so that they can be eligible to play on their sports team (intrinsic motivation). Vallerand (2000) postulates that repeated levels of low levels of situational intrinsic motivation will likely have a diminishing effect on the larger contextual intrinsic motivation. He highlights research done on motivation to play basketball where intrinsic motivational levels were affected by situational motivational levels during tournament games. This research has many implications for organizations and educational situations. While understanding that extrinsic motivation is one of the main drivers of the business world, compensation and other incentive packages need to address their impact on intrinsic motivation and be developed in ways that will reduce the adverse affects or possibly even add to the intrinsic motivational levels. More research on real life situations would be beneficial. Background of the Research Topic Motivation in sports and exercise has been studied over the last century but only in recent decades has motivation by gender been analyzed. studies in the area of motivation by gender in these sports and exercise fields: individual and team sports and exercise, martial arts, basketball, volleyball, track and field, and general sports participation and exercise (Kilpatrick, Hebert, Bartholomew, 2005). These results were the most consistent throughout the reports with other similarities and differences noted with each study. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are both adaptable and change in response to specific situations and life occurrences. While not easy to define, intrinsic motivation can be described as an internal drive to perform an activity. While extrinsic motivation is ascribed to an external motivating source that drives action. It is postulated that people attribute their behavior either to an internal or external source. Intrinsic motivation correlates positively to when people attribute their motivation to internal sources, while extrinsic motivation is correlated to belief in an external source for their behavior (Wiersma, U. J., 1992). Extrinsic motivation, by definition, is changeable since it is an external motivator one can change the reward or external source (i.e. amount of money offered to do a job, feedback on performance, etc.). Meta-analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational research by Deci, Koestner and Ryan (1999) found that intrinsic motivation is negatively affected when tangible extrinsic motivation is attached to the behavior. This undermining of intrinsic motivation is postulated to be the result of a perceived decrease in autonomy and competency by the individual receiving the extrinsic reward. Self-determination Theory states that humans have three inherent needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Of these, autonomy and competence are the main drivers of intrinsic motivation (Franken, 2002). Thus we see that intrinsic motivation can be changed by adding an extrinsic motivating component. Motivation is a crucial factor within the sport and exercise field. Understanding what and how motivation works is equally important. Based on these reviews gender also plays a role within the motivational climate. Studies have revealed variations in motivational factors within each gender. In Chie-der, Chen, Hung-yu, and Li-Kangs journal 87 male and 87 female basketball players from the HBL were selected for the research. Four research questionnaires were used to measure four phenomena: participants goal orientation, the motivational climate they perceived, perceived personal athletic ability, perceived personal sport-related confidence (Chie-der, Chen, Hung-yu, Li-Kang,2003). Using a t test gender differences were detected. Males tended to record higher scores than females for sports related confidence variables. Males scored higher within ego orientation, perceived ability, and in physical performance. Females tended to score higher in task orientation, perceived task climate, and leadership styles (Chie-der, Chen, Hung-yu, Li-Kang,2003).   Numerous studies have examined the question of whether there are differences in youth motives across sports, age, gender, and culture and suggest that children or adolescents are subject to the environmental influences in their motivation to participate in certain physical activities. Thus, investigating the diversities in motivation of participation may shed light on the underlying reasons of why children or adolescents take part in various forms of physical activity or sports. Impact on sports Gender: In Kilpatrick, Hebert, Bartholomews study 233 students were studied, 132 women, 101 men. The purpose behind this study was to compare sports participation and exercise motivation through a highly differentiated scale of physical activity. The second objective was to investigate the impact of gender on motivation. This study determined that men were more highly motivated then women when it came to endurance and strength, social recognition, challenge, and most notably competition, where women were more motivated by weight management (Kilpatrick, Hebert, Bartholomew, 2005). It was further suggested in this analysis that motivations to engage in sports differed from motivators to engage in exercise. It was also noted that more of the health related motives were linked to exercise opposed to sports participation thus indicating that sports participation are more closely related to intrinsic motives. It was suggested that based on these findings that men leaned more closely to intrinsic m otivation then women. This study further implied that men viewed exercise and fitness opportunities as a means to achieve ego related goals that support their sports participation where as women seemed to enjoy exercise and sports participation equally (Kilpatrick, Hebert, Bartholomew, 2005). In Murcia, Gimeno, and Colls study 413 athletes completed a perceived motivational climate in sports questionnaire. The sample was comprised of 322 boys and 91 girls, sports included individual and team sports. This analysis used the MANOVA to analyze the effects of gender, goal orientations, and perception of motivational climate and its flow. The findings showed that males had a stronger ego orientation that more specifically involved punishment for errors then did females. Females were more inclined to identify a motivational climate orientated towards learning (Murcia, Gimeno, and Coll,2008). In Jones, Mackay, and Peters journal 17,463 participants participated in a questionnaire. This analysis differed from the others in this review. It noted no significant gender differences, it also noted that the four most important motivations for both male and females were affiliation, fitness, skill development, and friendship, this opposed to the three least influential motivators which were reward/status, situational, and competition. It also noted that the individuals studied in martial arts were immersed in a holistic approach of the martial art which placed increased value on the underlying philosophy. They further noted that the style of the instructor encompassing teaching/communication style and technical ability is of paramount importance for enhancing student motivation to participate (Jones, Mackay, and Peters, 2006). It is implicated within this research that the similarity in gender motivation may be a result of the philosophies of the teachings. Cultural: cultural differences in psychological meanings for sport have been documented by empirical research. Research in cross-cultural sport psychology, for example, has found group differences in how athletes prioritize achievement motives, team affiliation, and social recognition (e.g., Kolt et.al.; 1999; Rees, Brettschneider, Brandl-Bredenbeck, 1998; Weinberg et.al., 2000). Similarly, a large literature about sport, globalization, and cultural imperialism describes how sport associates with distinct mentalities within particular historical and national contexts (e.g., Guttmann, 1994; MacAloon, 1996; Maguire, 1999; Miller, Lawrence, McKay, Rowe, 2001). findings of previous research Gender In Gillson, Standage, and Skevingtons journal which studied 300 male and 280 female students in their motivation towards exercise. Motivation towards exercise was measured using the behavioral regulation and exercise questionnaire-2. The statistics were calculated separately for males and females, then gender differences were explored using t-tests and x2 tests. Similar to other results in this review weight seemed to be a greater motivation within girls than boys however girls in general were less motivated to exercise then boys. The most common motivation factor for boys were fitness and health and for girls body tone, health, and attractiveness. In this study just like the study of Kilpatrick, Hebert, Bartholomew, 2005 it was determined that girls were reported to exercise more for extrinsic goals then boys, more specifically when it came to weight control (Gillson, Standage, and Skevington, 2006). Cultural: This study derived from participant-observation with the two mens soccer teams, one sponsored by a private Midwestern university in the United States (referred to as UA) and one associated with a government-sponsored university in Malawi in sub-Saharan Africa (referred to as UM). Because the teams were similar in regards to the relative educational and class status of their members, the two groups varied most clearly by cultural context. Qualitative data was obtained from interviews and observations gathered during two years with the UA team and a year with the UM team. The specific procedures are discussed below after providing necessary context by discussing the participants and settings. Conclusions section It is concluded that it is important for coaches, teachers and parents to stress to young athletes the need to improve skills, teamwork and sportsmanship over the win at all costs attitude. terms/concepts Key words: self-determination, goal orientations, motivational climate, perceived competence References page JAM Murcia,(2008) Relationships among Goal Orientations, Motivational Climate and Flow in Adolescent Athletes: Difference by Gender,The Spanish Journal of Psychology, volume 11, number 1, 181-191. Kilpatrick, Hebert, and Bartholomew, (2005) College Students Motivation for Physical Activity: Differentiating Mens and Womens Motives for Sport Participation and Exercise, Journal of American College Health, volume 54, number2 Gareth W. Jones, Ken S. Mackay, and Derek M. Peters, (2006) Participation Motivation in Martial Artists in the West Midlands Region of England, Journal of Sports Science and Medicine CSSI, 28-34 Dongfang Chie-der, Steve Chen, Chou Hung-yu, and Chi Li-Kang, (2003), Gender Differential in the Goal Setting, Motivation, Perceived Ability, and Confidence Sources of Basketball Players, The Sport Journal ISSN 1543-9518 Gillison, Standage, Skevington, (2006), Relationships among adolescents weight perceptions, exercise goals, exercise motivation, quality of life and leisure-time exercise behavior: a self-determination theory approach, Oxford Journals, Vol. 21, no. 6 Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., and Ryan, R. M., (1999). Meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic reward and intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin (125). Retrieved on August 21, 2003 from EBSCOhost. Franken, R. E., (2002). Human Motivation. Wadsworth, Belmont, CA. Vallerand, R. J., (2000). Deci and Ryans Self-Determination Theory: A view from the Hierarchical Model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Wiersma, U. J., (1992). The effects of extrinsic rewards in intrinsic motivation: A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology (65). Retrieved on August 21, 2003 from EBSCOhost.

Computer Networks Essay

I. Internet and layered protocol architecture: Q1. (5 points) In the layered protocol architecture the transport layer functionality includes congestion control and error recovery (e.g., retransmission). One suggested that this functionality should be done strictly at the end points (i.e., at the hosts) without aid from the network. Do you agree? Why? Elaborate showing the design trade-offs. Answer: (5 points) In general, error recovery (e.g., re-transmission) is specific to application needs. Some applications require 100% packet recovery, even with delays and jitters (such as TCP-based applications, http, ftp and telnet traffic). Other applications may be tolerant to loss but less tolerant to delays and jitter, such as voice applications. Re-transmissions and packet recovery add to the jitters and the delays and hence may not be desirable for realtime or voice applications. Hence it is not a good idea, in general, to include error recovery at the network layer (that is not aware of application needs) and it is better to implement such functionality at the transport layer end-to-end. In cases of lossy channels in the network (such as X.25 in the early networking days, or wireless links) it may be desirable to reduce the bit error rates on those links by including error recovery at the end points of those links. [In general, most links nowadays have very low BER, and for wireless links the MAC (such as IEEE 802.11) layer provides Ack’ed delivery]. For congestion control, a similar argument may be given. That is, congestion reaction may be application specific and is better implemented end-to-end. Congestion notification, on the other hand, may provide useful information to the end points to react appropriately. Since losses in the network may be due to congestion or other factors, a signal from the network to the end point may help distinguish congestion errors from other errors. Only congestion errors should trigger ‘back off’ or rate cut at the end points. So, network assistance in congestion notification may help in some scenarios. [extra: In other scenarios network assistance may prevent synchronization effects of congestion control, e.g., RED, or may prevent/isolate misbehavior, e.g., WFQ.]. Q2. (5 points) What advantage does a circuit-switched network have over a packetswitched network? How can it establish such advantage? Answer: A circuit-switched network can guarantee a certain amount of end-to-end bandwidth for the duration of a call. Most packet-switched networks today (including the Internet) cannot make any end-to-end guarantees for bandwidth. Circuit-switched networks use admission control, and reserve a circuit (in TDM it is done in the form of an assigned time slot per source that no other source can use). The allocated resources are never exceeded. Q3. (10 points) What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a layered protocol architecture for the Internet? (mention at least 3 advantages and 2 disadvantages) Answer: Is it true that the change in any of the layers does not affect the other layers? (support your answer/arguments with examples) Advantages: Allows an explicit structure to identify relationships between various pieces of the complex Internet structure, by providing a reference model for discussion. Provides a modular design that facilitates maintenance, updating/upgrading of protocols and implementations (by various vendors) at the various layers of the stack. Supports a flexible framework for future advances and inventions (such as mobile or sensor networks). Disadvantages: overhead of headers, redundancy of functions (sometimes not needed) [such as reliability as the transport layer and the link layer, or routing at the network layer and some link layer protocols (such as ATM)] It is true in many cases that the change in one layer does not affect the change in the other layers, but not always. Examples of change that did not affect the other layers: change from FDDI to token ring, to Ethernet at the MAC layer. Examples of change that affected other layers: wireless vs. wired (performance of TCP and routing degraded drastically). Introduction of 802.11 for wireless and ad hoc networks (a change in the physical and MAC layers), does affect in a major way routing at the network layer and the transport layers. In that case, many of the protocols needed re-design. Q4. (10 total points) Design parameters: In order to be able to analyze performance of the Internet protocols a researcher needs to model some parameters, such as number of nodes in the network, in addition to many other parameters. a. Discuss 4 different main parameters one would need to model in order to evaluate the performance of Internet protocols. [Elaborate on the definition of these parameters and their dynamics] b. Discuss 2 more parameters for mobile wireless networks [these two parameters are not needed for the wired Internet] Answer: a. Traffic model temporal and spatial (packet arrival processes, session/flow arrival processes, spatial distribution of traffic (src-dst) pair distribution across the topology), topology/connectivity model, node failure model, membership dynamics (for multicast) spatio-temporal models. [Any reasonable 4 parameters are ok, with 1.5 points per parameter] b. For mobile wireless networks there is a need to model ‘mobility’ (spatio-temporal), and wireless channel dynamics/loss/bandwidth since it changes with time much more drastically than the wired Internet (in which virtually the max bandwidth of a channel/link is static) [Any 2 reasonable parameters are ok, with 2 points per parameter] II. Statistical multiplexing and queuing theory Note: You may want to make use of the following equations: M/D/1: queuing delay ; Ts is service time & Ï  is link utilization M/D/1: average queue length or buffer occupancy M/M/1: queuing delay , buffer occupancy: Q5. (8 points) Consider two queuing systems, serving packets with lengths that have exponential distribution, and the packet arrival process is Poisson. The first queuing system (system I) has a single queue and a single server, and hence the packet arrival rate is X, and the server speed is Y. The second queuing system (system II) has two queues and two servers, and hence the packet arrival rate is X/2, and the server speed is Y/2. Derive a relation between the delays in each of these systems. What conclusion can you make? Answer: (8 points) We use the M/M/1 queue (because the question states Poisson arrival and exponentially distributed service time). For the first system (I): Tq=Ts/(1-Ï )=1/M(1-ÃŽ »/M)=1/Y(1-X/Y), For the second system (II): Tq=2/Y(1-X/Y)=2Tq (of system I) That is, using ‘1’ queuing system performs better than using ‘2’ queues with half of the arrival rate and half of the output link capacity. Q6. (5 points) In an Internet experiment it was noted that the queuing performance of the switches/routers was worse than expected. One designer suggested increasing the buffer size in the routers drastically to withstand any possible burst of data. Argue for or against this suggestion, and justify your position. A6. Increasing the buffer size allows switches to store more packets (which may reduce loss). However, it does not alleviate the congestion. If this was the only cure proposed, then we expect the queues to build up, increasing the buffer occupancy, and increasing the delays. If the build up persists (due to lack of congestion control for example) the queues shall incur losses and extended delays. Delays may lead re-transmission timers to expire (for reliable protocols, such as TCP) leading to re-transmissions. Also, the TTL value in the header of each packet is reduced based on time (and hop count). So, many of the TTLs may expire leading to the discard of packets. So, in ge neral, only increasing the buffer sizes does not help improve the queuing performance. Q7. (7 points) Describe the network design trade-off introduced by using statistical multiplexing and define and describe a metric that captures this trade-off. A7. (7 points: 3.5 for the link between stat muxing and congestion and 3.5 for the trade off metric (network power) and its description). Statistical multiplexing allows the network to admit flows with aggregate capacity exceeding the network capacity (even if momentarily). This leads to the need for buffering and the ‘store and forward’ model. Subsequently, queuing delays and build up may be experienced as the load on the network is increased. Two major design goals of the network is to provide maximum throughput (or goodput) with least (or min) delay. However, these two goals are conflicting. In order to increase the throughput, the congestion increases and so does the delay. In order to reduce the queuing delays then we need to reduce the load on the network and hence the goodput of the flows would decrease. This is the throughput-delay trade off in network design. One metric that captures both measures is the network power=Tput/Delay, as the Tput increases, so does the network power, and when the delay decreases the network power increases. Q8. (8 points) Flows in the Internet vary widely in their characteristics. Someone suggested that in order to be fair to the various heterogeneous flows then we need the different flows to experience the same delay at the different queues. Argue for or against this suggestion. A8. (8 points: 4 points for the constant ratio and the link to the fluid flow model, 4 points for the unfairnes/greed description) In order to provide the same delay for the various flows we need to maintain the rate/capacity ratio constant (this is based on the fluid flow model we introduced in class). Hence, if the different flows arrive at various rates, then the capacity allocation should reflect such variation. The allocation leading to same delays would favor (i.e., allocate more capacity to) flows with higher rates at the expense of flows with low rates. This strategy encourages greed in the network and cannot achieve fairness, where the existence of high rate (large) flows in the network would adversely affect low rate (small) flows in the network by increasing the overall delay experienced by all the flows. Q9. (12 total points) Consider a network that uses statistical multiplexing. The network has ‘N’ number of ON/OFF sources, each sending at a rate of R packets per second when ON. All the sources are multiplexed through a single output link. The capacity of the output link is ‘M’. – A. (3 points) What is the condition on N, R and M in order to stabilize this network? – When the number of sources to be supported is increased from R to 10R, there were two suggestions to modify the network: Suggestion I is to replicate the above system 10 times. That is, create 10 links, each with capacity of ‘M’ handling R sources. – Suggestion II is to replace the link with another link of capacity ’10 M’ B. (9 points) Which suggestion do you support and why? [Argue giving expressions for the delay/buffer performance of each system. Give both the advantages and disadvantages of each case] Answer: ÃŽ ±=ÃŽ »Ã  A. (3 points) The conditions for a stable network are N.R. ÃŽ ± < M, N.R > M, where ÃŽ ± is the fraction of the time the sources are ON (on average) If ‘N.R. ÃŽ ± > M’, then this leads to constant build up of the queue with no change of recovering from congestion (and draining the queue), which would lead to unstable system. B. (9 points) Write down the equations, M/D/1: queuing delay ; Ts is service time & Ï  is link utilization M/D/1: average queue length or buffer occupancy M/M/1: queuing delay , buffer occupancy: The buffer occupancy depends on Ï  only. If Ï  is the same (i.e., the load on the queue server is the same) then the buffer occupancy is the same, Ï  = ÃŽ ». Ts = ÃŽ ±. N. R / M Increasing the bandwidth of the link to 10M means that we can get the same average buffer occupancy in the two systems. In system I we would need 10 times the buffer size as in system II, so system II is advantageous in that sense. (more sharing and statistical multiplexing) In addition, the queuing delay will be decreased drastically (by a factor of 10) where Tq=Ts. f(Ï ) (6 points for the above argument) (3 points) On the other hand the std deviation/fluctuation around the average in the queue size will be higher since it is shared by more number of flows, and hence the jitter will be relatively higher. III. Application layer and related issues Q10. (5 points) (Stateful vs. Stateless) Discuss one advantage and one disadvantage of having a ‘stateful’ protocol for applications. Advantage: The protocol can now maintain state about (i.e., remembers) users preferences (e.g., shopping preferences as in browser cookies), Disadvantage: when failure occurs the state needs to be reconciled (more complexity and overhead than stateless) [other correct and reasonable answers are accepted] Q11. (5 point) (Web Caching) Describe how Web caching can reduce the delay in receiving a requested object. Will Web caching reduce the delay for all objects requested by a user or for only some of the objects? Why? Ans. Web caching can bring the desired content â€Å"closer† to the user, perhaps to the same LAN to which the user’s host is connected. Web caching can reduce the delay for all objects, even objects that are not cached, since caching reduces the traffic on links. Q12. (1 0 points) Discuss three different architectures of the peer-to-peer applications. Give examples of real applications for each architecture and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each architecture. Ans. 1. Centralized directory of resources/files, as in Napster. Advantage is that search for resources is simple with min overhead (just ask the centralized server). The disadvantages are: single point of failure, performance bottleneck and target of lawsuit. 2. Fully distributed, non-centralized architecture, as in Gnutella, where all peers and edges form a ‘flat’ overlay (without hierarchy). Advantages: robustness to failure, no performance bottleneck and no target for lawsuit. Disadvantages is that search is more involved and incurs high overhead with query flooding. 3. Hierarchical overlay, with some nodes acting as super nodes (or cluster heads), or nodes forming loose neighborhoods (sometimes referred to as loose hierarchy, as in BitTorrent). Advantages, robust (no single point of failure), avoids flooding to search for resources during queries. Disadvantages, needs to keep track of at least some nodes using the ‘Tracker’ server. In general, this architecture attempts to combine the best of the 2 other architectures. Q13. (7.5 points) Push vs. Pull: A. Give examples of a push protocol and a pull protocol B. Mention three factors one should consider when designing pull/push protocols, discuss how these factors would affect your decision as a protocol designer (give example scenarios to illustrate). Answer: A. An example of a push protocol is: http. An example of a pull protocol: SMTP B. The factors affecting the performance of a pull/push protocol include (but are not limited to): 1. access pattern: how often is this object cached and how often is it accessed (example: a push mechanism for a very popular video that is pushed closer to a large population that is going to frequently watch it, would be better than a pull mechanism), 2. delay: what is the delay to obtain the object, and 3. object dynamics: how often/soon does the information in the object expires (example: in a sensor network where the information sensed is constantly changing, but is queried once in a while would be better ‘not’ to push it, but to pull it when needed only). Q14. (7.5 points) We refer to the problem of getting users to know about each other, whether it is peers in a p2p network or senders and receivers in a multicast group, as the â€Å"rendezvous problem†. What are possible solutions to solve the rendezvous problem in p2p networks (discuss three different alternatives and compare/contrast them. Answer: The possible solutions for the rendezvous problem include: 1. Using a centralized server: advantages: simple to search, little communication overhead. Disadvantages: single-point-of-failure (not robust), bottleneck, doesn’t scale well 2. Using a search technique for discovery, perhaps using a variant of a flood (or scoped-flood) or expanding-ring search mechanism. Advantages: avoids single-point-of-failure and bottlenecks. Disadvantages: may be complex, incurs high communication overhead and may incur delays during the search. 3. hybrid (or hierarchy): where some information (e.g., pointers to potential bootstrap neighbors, or pointers to some resources) are kept at a centralized (or replicated) server or super-nodes, then the actual communication is peer-topeer. Advantage: if designed carefully can avoid single-point-of-failure, bottlenecks, and achieve reasonable overhead and delay. Disadvantage: need to build and maintain the hierarchy (can trigger costly re-configuration control overhead in case of highly dynamic networks and unstable super-nodes).

Fidelity To Truth Essay

TRUTH is an idea or thought analogous to knowledge. Thus, â€Å"knowledge of truth† leads us to consider the meaning of two words: knowledge and truth. Knowledge gives us rational and conceptual image and an accurate reflection of the true state of things as they really exist. While, truth is a state of mind free of error which entails a truthful image of things in existence. Moreover, truth encompasses the fact that it conveys universality and it is constant. Hence, truth does not vary – it is a piece of unalterable reality. Through the article presented, I have learned that the answer to what is true for you always exists at the core of who you are, if you give yourself the space and time to listen. When you are being true to yourself, you are completely honest with what you feel, deeply value, and desire. It also means communicating your feelings wholeheartedly both with yourself and others, allowing your truth to flow through you and into the world. Furthermore, I have learned that to know the truth for oneself, you need to cultivate a deep and trusting relationship with yourself. Eventually, this begins with awareness of your thoughts, as well as awareness of your whole-body experience and how you interact with the world each day. Feelings of openness, expansion, inner joy and freedom are good signs that you are on the right path. Moreover, I have also learned that if you are not being true to yourself, it may show up through feelings of contraction and tension, unease, disconnection, resignation, emptiness, discontentment, or a lack of fulfillment. It is said that the truth will always come out in the end and it may take some longer than others to determine his or her accurate outlook of what he/she perceives to be truth. Above all, the most important thing to be treasure is – †pretending to be someone your not is a waste of the person you are. † MinSCAT plants Responsibility I NVOLVEMENT C OMMITMENT E XCELLENCE â€Å"WE ARE BORN TO BE TRUE NOT TO BE PERFECT. †

I Think I Got a Bad GRE Score. Now What

Building Customer Value Question and Answer - 8048 Words

Chapter 8 Product, Services, and Branding Strategies: Building Customer Value 1) We define a ________ as anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption and that might satisfy a want or need. D) product 2) ________ are a form of product that consists of activities, benefits, or satisfactions offered for sale that are essentially intangible and do not result in the ownership of anything. B) Services 3) A product is a key element in the ________. At one extreme, it may consist of pure tangible goods or at the other extreme, pure services. A) market offering 4) To differentiate themselves, many companies are going beyond products and services, they are developing and delivering customer†¦show more content†¦A) specialty products B) social marketing C) shopping products D) consumer products E) responsibility marketing Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 229 AACSB: Ethical Reasoning Skill: Concept Objective: 8-1 21) Developing a product or service involves defining the benefits that it will offer. These benefits are communicated and delivered by ________ such as quality, features, and style and design. A) private brands B) product attributes C) consumer products D) product mixes E) marketing tools Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 229 AACSB: Communication Skill: Concept Objective: 8-2 22) ________ is one of the marketer s major positioning tools because it has a direct impact on product or service performance; it is therefore closely linked to customer value and satisfaction. A) Packaging B) Product quality C) Total quality management D) Specialty product marketing E) Positioning Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 229 AACSB: Communication Skill: Concept Objective: 8-2 23) ________ is an approach in which all the company s people are involved in constantly improving the products, services, and business processes. A) Product quality B) Brand equity C) TotalShow MoreRelatedCustomer-Based Brand Equity Model (Cbbe)1111 Words   |  5 PagesCustomer-Based Brand Equity Model (CBBE) CBBE act as a bridge to add value on a product endowed to a product as a result of past investments in the marketing of a brand. It is also provide provides direction and focus to future marketing activities. CBBE model designed to assist management in brand building efforts. 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Indeed, plenty of startups fail to raise funds. So, how do you determine your startup’s investment readiness and what does it mean? Here’s a look at this all-important subject. â€Å"Is the market big enough?† Investors areRead More6 assets Essay example851 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Discussion Questions for Starbucks Case The discussion questions below will be the focus of the in-class case discussion. Try to answer them with as much detail as you can. Write down your answers and bring them to the class for discussion. Starbucks operates in the retail coffee market. In the home, it has 4% share specialty coffee. In the food service channel, it has 5% share. In the grocery stores, it has 7.3% in the ground coffee and 21.7% in the whole beans category. 1. What is Starbucks’Read MoreCase Study Essay1478 Words   |  6 Pageslack of diversification and primary focus on building and selling computer systems with an emphasis on mainframes. 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Research Proposal On Stereotype Threat - 2288 Words

1 KirtmanNPSY7103-8 NORTHCENTRAL UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Student: Nisaa Kirtman PSY7103 ACKERMAN RESEARCH METHODS 8 (Quantitative Research Proposal) Faculty Use Only Quantitative research proposal on stereotype threat: Evaluation of online supportive website Problem Statement Stereotype threat, or the fear of being judged through the lens of a negative stereotype, has been shown to hurt one’s performance (Spencer, Steele, Quinn, 1999; Steele, Spencer Aronson, 2002). It is clear, from years of research, that individuals who are threatened about a negative stereotype concerning their ability do not perform to their potential when stereotypes are†¦show more content†¦This finding suggests that humor can be used to cope with threat, and students may view threat as a challenge to simply overcome other that simply a threat. Stereotype threat has also been shown to cause self-handicapping, or internal factors that impair performance (Stone, 2012) as well as claimed self-handicapping, or external factors that impair performance (Keller, 2002), both of which could be used intra-personally or interpersonally. The previous studies show that coping mechanisms for stereotype threat are vast, and those susceptible to threat should ha ve access to resources on ways to deal with some of underperformance effects of threat especially in academic settings. Purpose The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Reducing Stereotype Threat website, www.reducingstereotypethreat.org, which offers resources, coping mechanisms and referrals for dealing with feelings of threat and its aftermath. Specifically, the purpose of the current study is to: 1. Obtain general site feedback from students impacted by threat; 2. 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Role of Business Strategy in Business-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: What does Business Strategy mean, and what is the role of Business Strategy in Business Management today? Answer: Business Strategy Every business starts with an objective or a goal to achieve. In simple language, business strategy helps achieve the organisational objective. It is documented plan which describes that what and how to achieve. Once the business strategy is formed they are required to be revived after every interval for time both internally and externally. Role of business strategy: Business strategy acts a guide map to review the business externally and internally, how well the organization is making profits, competition analysis and other important factors. It helps in forecasting the future and deal with uncertainties. There may be changes in the economic, political and technological and social factors. It develops tactics to deal with future needs. It provides the mission and vision to the organization so that everyone moves towards the similar goals. It provides clear directions and goals. It defiantly provides a competitive advantage to the organization. Basis business strategies organizations expand. With rigorous research and marketing strategies business expands itself in to the new markets and customer segments. For example: A computer repair organization makes a business strategy to be the Internet service provider also in next 5 yrs. It helps leverage the strengths of the company and identify and fill the gaps of weaknesses. In the new modern age, along with technologies there are changes in the old business ideologies. Shareholder capitalism and stakeholder capitalism is one amongst them. Shareholders are the people who are the owners of the organization through stocks whereas stakeholder can be suppliers, employees, creditors, competitors. Shareholder theory is an old way, where the purpose of the business is to earn the profit for the shareholders only. Now-a days organization are more towards corporate social responsibilities that improves the reputation and name of the organization. The reason behind such a shift is that it helps organization achieve the sustainable growth with its responsibilities for all the stakeholders of the company. Those who contribute for the organizational goals are called Stakeholders. Hence it is important to create their worth and grow together for the future strategies. The new generation capitalizes more on needs of company and values, the old capitalism and business i s not liked. This new type of capitalism looks at the more holistic approach , not only increasing the profits but also successful on the areas like sympathy, friendship, kindness and love. This is the new demand of Millennial. There is a difference between the strategic issues and operational issues. Strategic issues are long term in nature. They are directly linked with the goals of the company and needs the intervention of higher management or leader in the resolution whereas the operational issues are day to day problems that arise while doing the job. It does not always involve top management intervention. Managers play an important role in timely taking the corrective action on the issue. Be it operational or strategic the right stakeholder is to be informed. Strategy plays an important role in coping with the uncertainties of the business in the way that it provides a vision for identifying the future uncertainties in advance by studying the external and internal factors and it provides backup plan. It helps by identifying the level of uncertainty and by tailoring the strategy according to uncertainty. Deliberate Strategy is the age old formula where the strategy is built in advance with planned design and architecture. Like Trend analysis, Swot etc., this is generally done by the Top Management. Emergent strategy is the one which is not planned, it change in the environment happens and the organization deals with it with strategic conditions and business needs. As per my understanding, both the strategies are required by any organization. For any large scale project where there is heavy investment required deliberate strategy that allows design and architecture. Customer prefrences, competitors, technology changes can be addressed with emergent strategy where the changes are at small frequency. In my words, Business strategies are the principles that outline the procedure to achieve the objective. Business strategy provides the picture to the organization about their performance, growth and capabilities. Strategies are future oriented .Business strategy is the part of management function. For example: Achieving customer satisfaction can be one business strategy where the organization will make the plan to achieve the customer satisfaction and long term customer relationship. References Henderson, Bruce (1970).Perspectives on Experience. Boston Consulting Group. Porter, Michael E. (1985).Competitive Advantage. Free Press. Hamel, G. Prahalad (1990), C.K. The Core Competence of the Corporation,Harvard Business Henry Mintberg. (1994) The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning -Harvard Business Review BCG-Phillip Evans-Rethinking Strategy for an Age of Digital Disruption-March 2014 Zhexembayeva, N. (2014).Overfished Ocean Strategy: Powering Up Innovation for a Resource-Depleted World. San Francisco, CA: Berret-Koehler Publishers.