Computer Networks Essay

I. Internet and layered protocol architecture: Q1. (5 points) In the layered protocol architecture the transport layer functionality includes congestion control and error recovery (e.g., retransmission). One suggested that this functionality should be done strictly at the end points (i.e., at the hosts) without aid from the network. Do you agree? Why? Elaborate showing the design trade-offs. Answer: (5 points) In general, error recovery (e.g., re-transmission) is specific to application needs. Some applications require 100% packet recovery, even with delays and jitters (such as TCP-based applications, http, ftp and telnet traffic). Other applications may be tolerant to loss but less tolerant to delays and jitter, such as voice applications. Re-transmissions and packet recovery add to the jitters and the delays and hence may not be desirable for realtime or voice applications. Hence it is not a good idea, in general, to include error recovery at the network layer (that is not aware of application needs) and it is better to implement such functionality at the transport layer end-to-end. In cases of lossy channels in the network (such as X.25 in the early networking days, or wireless links) it may be desirable to reduce the bit error rates on those links by including error recovery at the end points of those links. [In general, most links nowadays have very low BER, and for wireless links the MAC (such as IEEE 802.11) layer provides Ack’ed delivery]. For congestion control, a similar argument may be given. That is, congestion reaction may be application specific and is better implemented end-to-end. Congestion notification, on the other hand, may provide useful information to the end points to react appropriately. Since losses in the network may be due to congestion or other factors, a signal from the network to the end point may help distinguish congestion errors from other errors. Only congestion errors should trigger ‘back off’ or rate cut at the end points. So, network assistance in congestion notification may help in some scenarios. [extra: In other scenarios network assistance may prevent synchronization effects of congestion control, e.g., RED, or may prevent/isolate misbehavior, e.g., WFQ.]. Q2. (5 points) What advantage does a circuit-switched network have over a packetswitched network? How can it establish such advantage? Answer: A circuit-switched network can guarantee a certain amount of end-to-end bandwidth for the duration of a call. Most packet-switched networks today (including the Internet) cannot make any end-to-end guarantees for bandwidth. Circuit-switched networks use admission control, and reserve a circuit (in TDM it is done in the form of an assigned time slot per source that no other source can use). The allocated resources are never exceeded. Q3. (10 points) What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a layered protocol architecture for the Internet? (mention at least 3 advantages and 2 disadvantages) Answer: Is it true that the change in any of the layers does not affect the other layers? (support your answer/arguments with examples) Advantages: Allows an explicit structure to identify relationships between various pieces of the complex Internet structure, by providing a reference model for discussion. Provides a modular design that facilitates maintenance, updating/upgrading of protocols and implementations (by various vendors) at the various layers of the stack. Supports a flexible framework for future advances and inventions (such as mobile or sensor networks). Disadvantages: overhead of headers, redundancy of functions (sometimes not needed) [such as reliability as the transport layer and the link layer, or routing at the network layer and some link layer protocols (such as ATM)] It is true in many cases that the change in one layer does not affect the change in the other layers, but not always. Examples of change that did not affect the other layers: change from FDDI to token ring, to Ethernet at the MAC layer. Examples of change that affected other layers: wireless vs. wired (performance of TCP and routing degraded drastically). Introduction of 802.11 for wireless and ad hoc networks (a change in the physical and MAC layers), does affect in a major way routing at the network layer and the transport layers. In that case, many of the protocols needed re-design. Q4. (10 total points) Design parameters: In order to be able to analyze performance of the Internet protocols a researcher needs to model some parameters, such as number of nodes in the network, in addition to many other parameters. a. Discuss 4 different main parameters one would need to model in order to evaluate the performance of Internet protocols. [Elaborate on the definition of these parameters and their dynamics] b. Discuss 2 more parameters for mobile wireless networks [these two parameters are not needed for the wired Internet] Answer: a. Traffic model temporal and spatial (packet arrival processes, session/flow arrival processes, spatial distribution of traffic (src-dst) pair distribution across the topology), topology/connectivity model, node failure model, membership dynamics (for multicast) spatio-temporal models. [Any reasonable 4 parameters are ok, with 1.5 points per parameter] b. For mobile wireless networks there is a need to model ‘mobility’ (spatio-temporal), and wireless channel dynamics/loss/bandwidth since it changes with time much more drastically than the wired Internet (in which virtually the max bandwidth of a channel/link is static) [Any 2 reasonable parameters are ok, with 2 points per parameter] II. Statistical multiplexing and queuing theory Note: You may want to make use of the following equations: M/D/1: queuing delay ; Ts is service time & Ï  is link utilization M/D/1: average queue length or buffer occupancy M/M/1: queuing delay , buffer occupancy: Q5. (8 points) Consider two queuing systems, serving packets with lengths that have exponential distribution, and the packet arrival process is Poisson. The first queuing system (system I) has a single queue and a single server, and hence the packet arrival rate is X, and the server speed is Y. The second queuing system (system II) has two queues and two servers, and hence the packet arrival rate is X/2, and the server speed is Y/2. Derive a relation between the delays in each of these systems. What conclusion can you make? Answer: (8 points) We use the M/M/1 queue (because the question states Poisson arrival and exponentially distributed service time). For the first system (I): Tq=Ts/(1-Ï )=1/M(1-ÃŽ »/M)=1/Y(1-X/Y), For the second system (II): Tq=2/Y(1-X/Y)=2Tq (of system I) That is, using ‘1’ queuing system performs better than using ‘2’ queues with half of the arrival rate and half of the output link capacity. Q6. (5 points) In an Internet experiment it was noted that the queuing performance of the switches/routers was worse than expected. One designer suggested increasing the buffer size in the routers drastically to withstand any possible burst of data. Argue for or against this suggestion, and justify your position. A6. Increasing the buffer size allows switches to store more packets (which may reduce loss). However, it does not alleviate the congestion. If this was the only cure proposed, then we expect the queues to build up, increasing the buffer occupancy, and increasing the delays. If the build up persists (due to lack of congestion control for example) the queues shall incur losses and extended delays. Delays may lead re-transmission timers to expire (for reliable protocols, such as TCP) leading to re-transmissions. Also, the TTL value in the header of each packet is reduced based on time (and hop count). So, many of the TTLs may expire leading to the discard of packets. So, in ge neral, only increasing the buffer sizes does not help improve the queuing performance. Q7. (7 points) Describe the network design trade-off introduced by using statistical multiplexing and define and describe a metric that captures this trade-off. A7. (7 points: 3.5 for the link between stat muxing and congestion and 3.5 for the trade off metric (network power) and its description). Statistical multiplexing allows the network to admit flows with aggregate capacity exceeding the network capacity (even if momentarily). This leads to the need for buffering and the ‘store and forward’ model. Subsequently, queuing delays and build up may be experienced as the load on the network is increased. Two major design goals of the network is to provide maximum throughput (or goodput) with least (or min) delay. However, these two goals are conflicting. In order to increase the throughput, the congestion increases and so does the delay. In order to reduce the queuing delays then we need to reduce the load on the network and hence the goodput of the flows would decrease. This is the throughput-delay trade off in network design. One metric that captures both measures is the network power=Tput/Delay, as the Tput increases, so does the network power, and when the delay decreases the network power increases. Q8. (8 points) Flows in the Internet vary widely in their characteristics. Someone suggested that in order to be fair to the various heterogeneous flows then we need the different flows to experience the same delay at the different queues. Argue for or against this suggestion. A8. (8 points: 4 points for the constant ratio and the link to the fluid flow model, 4 points for the unfairnes/greed description) In order to provide the same delay for the various flows we need to maintain the rate/capacity ratio constant (this is based on the fluid flow model we introduced in class). Hence, if the different flows arrive at various rates, then the capacity allocation should reflect such variation. The allocation leading to same delays would favor (i.e., allocate more capacity to) flows with higher rates at the expense of flows with low rates. This strategy encourages greed in the network and cannot achieve fairness, where the existence of high rate (large) flows in the network would adversely affect low rate (small) flows in the network by increasing the overall delay experienced by all the flows. Q9. (12 total points) Consider a network that uses statistical multiplexing. The network has ‘N’ number of ON/OFF sources, each sending at a rate of R packets per second when ON. All the sources are multiplexed through a single output link. The capacity of the output link is ‘M’. – A. (3 points) What is the condition on N, R and M in order to stabilize this network? – When the number of sources to be supported is increased from R to 10R, there were two suggestions to modify the network: Suggestion I is to replicate the above system 10 times. That is, create 10 links, each with capacity of ‘M’ handling R sources. – Suggestion II is to replace the link with another link of capacity ’10 M’ B. (9 points) Which suggestion do you support and why? [Argue giving expressions for the delay/buffer performance of each system. Give both the advantages and disadvantages of each case] Answer: ÃŽ ±=ÃŽ »Ã  A. (3 points) The conditions for a stable network are N.R. ÃŽ ± < M, N.R > M, where ÃŽ ± is the fraction of the time the sources are ON (on average) If ‘N.R. ÃŽ ± > M’, then this leads to constant build up of the queue with no change of recovering from congestion (and draining the queue), which would lead to unstable system. B. (9 points) Write down the equations, M/D/1: queuing delay ; Ts is service time & Ï  is link utilization M/D/1: average queue length or buffer occupancy M/M/1: queuing delay , buffer occupancy: The buffer occupancy depends on Ï  only. If Ï  is the same (i.e., the load on the queue server is the same) then the buffer occupancy is the same, Ï  = ÃŽ ». Ts = ÃŽ ±. N. R / M Increasing the bandwidth of the link to 10M means that we can get the same average buffer occupancy in the two systems. In system I we would need 10 times the buffer size as in system II, so system II is advantageous in that sense. (more sharing and statistical multiplexing) In addition, the queuing delay will be decreased drastically (by a factor of 10) where Tq=Ts. f(Ï ) (6 points for the above argument) (3 points) On the other hand the std deviation/fluctuation around the average in the queue size will be higher since it is shared by more number of flows, and hence the jitter will be relatively higher. III. Application layer and related issues Q10. (5 points) (Stateful vs. Stateless) Discuss one advantage and one disadvantage of having a ‘stateful’ protocol for applications. Advantage: The protocol can now maintain state about (i.e., remembers) users preferences (e.g., shopping preferences as in browser cookies), Disadvantage: when failure occurs the state needs to be reconciled (more complexity and overhead than stateless) [other correct and reasonable answers are accepted] Q11. (5 point) (Web Caching) Describe how Web caching can reduce the delay in receiving a requested object. Will Web caching reduce the delay for all objects requested by a user or for only some of the objects? Why? Ans. Web caching can bring the desired content â€Å"closer† to the user, perhaps to the same LAN to which the user’s host is connected. Web caching can reduce the delay for all objects, even objects that are not cached, since caching reduces the traffic on links. Q12. (1 0 points) Discuss three different architectures of the peer-to-peer applications. Give examples of real applications for each architecture and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each architecture. Ans. 1. Centralized directory of resources/files, as in Napster. Advantage is that search for resources is simple with min overhead (just ask the centralized server). The disadvantages are: single point of failure, performance bottleneck and target of lawsuit. 2. Fully distributed, non-centralized architecture, as in Gnutella, where all peers and edges form a ‘flat’ overlay (without hierarchy). Advantages: robustness to failure, no performance bottleneck and no target for lawsuit. Disadvantages is that search is more involved and incurs high overhead with query flooding. 3. Hierarchical overlay, with some nodes acting as super nodes (or cluster heads), or nodes forming loose neighborhoods (sometimes referred to as loose hierarchy, as in BitTorrent). Advantages, robust (no single point of failure), avoids flooding to search for resources during queries. Disadvantages, needs to keep track of at least some nodes using the ‘Tracker’ server. In general, this architecture attempts to combine the best of the 2 other architectures. Q13. (7.5 points) Push vs. Pull: A. Give examples of a push protocol and a pull protocol B. Mention three factors one should consider when designing pull/push protocols, discuss how these factors would affect your decision as a protocol designer (give example scenarios to illustrate). Answer: A. An example of a push protocol is: http. An example of a pull protocol: SMTP B. The factors affecting the performance of a pull/push protocol include (but are not limited to): 1. access pattern: how often is this object cached and how often is it accessed (example: a push mechanism for a very popular video that is pushed closer to a large population that is going to frequently watch it, would be better than a pull mechanism), 2. delay: what is the delay to obtain the object, and 3. object dynamics: how often/soon does the information in the object expires (example: in a sensor network where the information sensed is constantly changing, but is queried once in a while would be better ‘not’ to push it, but to pull it when needed only). Q14. (7.5 points) We refer to the problem of getting users to know about each other, whether it is peers in a p2p network or senders and receivers in a multicast group, as the â€Å"rendezvous problem†. What are possible solutions to solve the rendezvous problem in p2p networks (discuss three different alternatives and compare/contrast them. Answer: The possible solutions for the rendezvous problem include: 1. Using a centralized server: advantages: simple to search, little communication overhead. Disadvantages: single-point-of-failure (not robust), bottleneck, doesn’t scale well 2. Using a search technique for discovery, perhaps using a variant of a flood (or scoped-flood) or expanding-ring search mechanism. Advantages: avoids single-point-of-failure and bottlenecks. Disadvantages: may be complex, incurs high communication overhead and may incur delays during the search. 3. hybrid (or hierarchy): where some information (e.g., pointers to potential bootstrap neighbors, or pointers to some resources) are kept at a centralized (or replicated) server or super-nodes, then the actual communication is peer-topeer. Advantage: if designed carefully can avoid single-point-of-failure, bottlenecks, and achieve reasonable overhead and delay. Disadvantage: need to build and maintain the hierarchy (can trigger costly re-configuration control overhead in case of highly dynamic networks and unstable super-nodes).

Fidelity To Truth Essay

TRUTH is an idea or thought analogous to knowledge. Thus, â€Å"knowledge of truth† leads us to consider the meaning of two words: knowledge and truth. Knowledge gives us rational and conceptual image and an accurate reflection of the true state of things as they really exist. While, truth is a state of mind free of error which entails a truthful image of things in existence. Moreover, truth encompasses the fact that it conveys universality and it is constant. Hence, truth does not vary – it is a piece of unalterable reality. Through the article presented, I have learned that the answer to what is true for you always exists at the core of who you are, if you give yourself the space and time to listen. When you are being true to yourself, you are completely honest with what you feel, deeply value, and desire. It also means communicating your feelings wholeheartedly both with yourself and others, allowing your truth to flow through you and into the world. Furthermore, I have learned that to know the truth for oneself, you need to cultivate a deep and trusting relationship with yourself. Eventually, this begins with awareness of your thoughts, as well as awareness of your whole-body experience and how you interact with the world each day. Feelings of openness, expansion, inner joy and freedom are good signs that you are on the right path. Moreover, I have also learned that if you are not being true to yourself, it may show up through feelings of contraction and tension, unease, disconnection, resignation, emptiness, discontentment, or a lack of fulfillment. It is said that the truth will always come out in the end and it may take some longer than others to determine his or her accurate outlook of what he/she perceives to be truth. Above all, the most important thing to be treasure is – †pretending to be someone your not is a waste of the person you are. † MinSCAT plants Responsibility I NVOLVEMENT C OMMITMENT E XCELLENCE â€Å"WE ARE BORN TO BE TRUE NOT TO BE PERFECT. †

I Think I Got a Bad GRE Score. Now What

Building Customer Value Question and Answer - 8048 Words

Chapter 8 Product, Services, and Branding Strategies: Building Customer Value 1) We define a ________ as anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption and that might satisfy a want or need. D) product 2) ________ are a form of product that consists of activities, benefits, or satisfactions offered for sale that are essentially intangible and do not result in the ownership of anything. B) Services 3) A product is a key element in the ________. At one extreme, it may consist of pure tangible goods or at the other extreme, pure services. A) market offering 4) To differentiate themselves, many companies are going beyond products and services, they are developing and delivering customer†¦show more content†¦A) specialty products B) social marketing C) shopping products D) consumer products E) responsibility marketing Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 229 AACSB: Ethical Reasoning Skill: Concept Objective: 8-1 21) Developing a product or service involves defining the benefits that it will offer. These benefits are communicated and delivered by ________ such as quality, features, and style and design. A) private brands B) product attributes C) consumer products D) product mixes E) marketing tools Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 229 AACSB: Communication Skill: Concept Objective: 8-2 22) ________ is one of the marketer s major positioning tools because it has a direct impact on product or service performance; it is therefore closely linked to customer value and satisfaction. A) Packaging B) Product quality C) Total quality management D) Specialty product marketing E) Positioning Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 229 AACSB: Communication Skill: Concept Objective: 8-2 23) ________ is an approach in which all the company s people are involved in constantly improving the products, services, and business processes. A) Product quality B) Brand equity C) TotalShow MoreRelatedCustomer-Based Brand Equity Model (Cbbe)1111 Words   |  5 PagesCustomer-Based Brand Equity Model (CBBE) CBBE act as a bridge to add value on a product endowed to a product as a result of past investments in the marketing of a brand. It is also provide provides direction and focus to future marketing activities. CBBE model designed to assist management in brand building efforts. According to the model, building a strong brand involves four steps: establish brand identity, create brand meaning, positive, eliciting accessible brand responses, and building brandRead MoreMba, Seminar in Marketing Final Exam.1744 Words   |  7 Pagesexam. Dear Student, Greetings Please answer all the following short essay questions, please read them carefully and follow instructions. Open book exam does not mean rewriting what is in the Book Your understanding and your thoughts will be put together to make the best answers. I personally do believe in both your understanding and your thoughts. =========================================================== The following questions are short essay questions, requiring responses of approximatelyRead MoreEssay about business model 1842 Words   |  4 Pagesorganization creates, delivers, and captures value.† (14) In simple terms, a business model is an outline or a blueprint an organization uses to constract effective processes, structure, and systems. While business models can be complex and unique, a basic understanding and definition of a business model is important for success. To simplify the complexities of defining a business model, one can view customer segments, value propositions, channesl, customer relationships, revenue streams, key resourcesRead MoreSample Survey On Value Of Banking1375 Words   |  6 Pagestitled Value in Banking. The results analysis includes answers from all respondents who took the survey in the 13 day period from Wednesday, December 30, 2015 to Monday, January 11, 2015 inclusive. Report Contents This report is divided into four sections: 1. Introduction: contains an overview of the report structure (this section). 2. Results Analysis: contains a summary and statistical analysis of the results to each question in the survey. 3. Questionnaire: lists all questions in theRead MoreEssay on Marketing Process940 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch in order to best serve their customers. Through this research, marketers are led to the next step of the process and can now develop a customer driven marketing strategy. Here, the firm must decide how it will differentiate its product from others on the market. Companies build their marketing strategy in multiple steps and use the Four P’s or marketing mix (Wickipedia, pg 1): Product, Price, Place and Promotion. The â€Å"Product† steps has marketers as the questions of; who is your product intendedRead MoreEssay MKT 475W5Q41243 Words   |  5 Pagesof 30 multiple choice questions. The first 15 questions  cover the material in  Chapter 6. The second 15 questions cover the material in Chapter 7. Be sure you are in the correct Chapter  when you take the quiz. Question 1 3 out of 3 points _____ occurs when customers have only vague ideas about the company and its products and do not perceive anything distinctive about them. Answer Selected Answer:   Ã‚   Underpositioning Correct Answer:   Ã‚   Underpositioning Question 2 3 out of 3 points Read MoreEssay 5 Questions To Ask To Know YouRe Investment Ready1365 Words   |  6 Pages5 Questions to Ask to Know You’re Investment Ready In the lifecycle of a startup, nothing is as important as fundraising. You will need investment to turn your business idea into reality. But just because your startup needs money, doesn’t mean it’s ready to attract investment. Indeed, plenty of startups fail to raise funds. So, how do you determine your startup’s investment readiness and what does it mean? Here’s a look at this all-important subject. â€Å"Is the market big enough?† Investors areRead More6 assets Essay example851 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Discussion Questions for Starbucks Case The discussion questions below will be the focus of the in-class case discussion. Try to answer them with as much detail as you can. Write down your answers and bring them to the class for discussion. Starbucks operates in the retail coffee market. In the home, it has 4% share specialty coffee. In the food service channel, it has 5% share. In the grocery stores, it has 7.3% in the ground coffee and 21.7% in the whole beans category. 1. What is Starbucks’Read MoreCase Study Essay1478 Words   |  6 Pageslack of diversification and primary focus on building and selling computer systems with an emphasis on mainframes. As new corporations began to flood the market with cheaper versions of IBM’s computers, the Board of Trustees recognized the need to alter their strategic plan to ensure IBM would remain in the forefront of the computer industry (Allen, Attner, amp; Plunkett, 2013, p. 124-125). Gerstner knew the value of service and returning customers, and with these ideals he created a new branchRead MoreHow to Lose an Account1322 Words   |  6 Pagesdetermining the customer’s satisfaction that led to the loss of the customer? Was the problem simply a lack of satisfaction with the product? Using concepts from the chapter, describe how the customer’s value equation was influenced by the experiences both before the call and during the call. Companies in all industries and of all sizes understand that customers are perhaps their most valuable assets. Improving the overall customer experience is vital for continued success and survival, and always

Research Proposal On Stereotype Threat - 2288 Words

1 KirtmanNPSY7103-8 NORTHCENTRAL UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Student: Nisaa Kirtman PSY7103 ACKERMAN RESEARCH METHODS 8 (Quantitative Research Proposal) Faculty Use Only Quantitative research proposal on stereotype threat: Evaluation of online supportive website Problem Statement Stereotype threat, or the fear of being judged through the lens of a negative stereotype, has been shown to hurt one’s performance (Spencer, Steele, Quinn, 1999; Steele, Spencer Aronson, 2002). It is clear, from years of research, that individuals who are threatened about a negative stereotype concerning their ability do not perform to their potential when stereotypes are†¦show more content†¦This finding suggests that humor can be used to cope with threat, and students may view threat as a challenge to simply overcome other that simply a threat. Stereotype threat has also been shown to cause self-handicapping, or internal factors that impair performance (Stone, 2012) as well as claimed self-handicapping, or external factors that impair performance (Keller, 2002), both of which could be used intra-personally or interpersonally. The previous studies show that coping mechanisms for stereotype threat are vast, and those susceptible to threat should ha ve access to resources on ways to deal with some of underperformance effects of threat especially in academic settings. Purpose The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Reducing Stereotype Threat website, www.reducingstereotypethreat.org, which offers resources, coping mechanisms and referrals for dealing with feelings of threat and its aftermath. Specifically, the purpose of the current study is to: 1. Obtain general site feedback from students impacted by threat; 2. Obtain feedback on specific resources from the site, focusing on design, usability, and impact of those resources. This website serves as, not just information and literature on the topic, but an online resource portal for students and educators who are faced with this phenomenon directly (as students orShow MoreRelatedCase 3.1 Hy Dairies1695 Words   |  7 PagesSyd Gilman, the vice marketing president at Hy Dairies perceived Rochelle Beauport as a potential marketing staff responsible to improve the sagging sales of Hy’s gourmet ice cream brand, thus decided to reward her with a new post of a marketing research coordinator that was taken by him as a valuable post in marketimg field. Rochelle Beauport, unfortunately had a different perceptions and expectations that leading her into a difficult decision making situation of whether to confront Gilman on perceivedRead MoreAnalysis Of Donald Trump s Presidential Legacy Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pages(Taylor, 2015). Security concerns arises to Trump’s proposal as whether this is constitutional and ethical. There have been many reports saying that Trump’s plan may work, with half the voters backing his statement. Yet, in terms of international relations, America’s relations with the Middle East will be in turmoil if this statement surpasses the planning stage. Donald Trump has argued that this will improve the country’s security from potential threats. Now the question arises, Should Muslim immigrantsRead MoreA Research Proposal For Non Asian Minority Groups2133 Words   |  9 Pages 1 KirtmanNPSY7103-6 NORTHCENTRAL UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Student: Nisaa Kirtman PSY7103 ACKERMAN RESEARCH METHODS 6 (MINI QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PROPOSAL) Faculty Use Only Qualitative Mini-Research Proposal: Stereotype Threat As demographic changes reshape the STEM talent pool in the US, the nation will need to draw more on racial and ethnic groups that have been traditionally marginalized in order to maintain itsRead MoreFactors Contributing to the Poor Education of Minorities754 Words   |  3 Pagesminority students consider rhyming and playing basketball more important than receiving a proper education. The theme of my research is to discover why there is such a vast educational achievement gap between minority and Caucasian students. Many Americans are aware that a educational gap exists among today’s students but they do nothing to bring attention to it. This proposal will inform one of alarming statics that are affecting the welfare and future of minority students. For example, African AmericanRead MoreAnalysis Of Jonathan Swift s The Revolutionary War 1583 Words   |  7 PagesHannah Rice Schmidt – 1 Research Paper 23 September 2014 Jonathan Swift The Revolutionary War is one, if not the most memorable time of American history. It is what started the beginning of the land of the free. The colonization and tyranny of England was not just felt in the thirteen colonies that became America but also in places such as Ireland. Authors such as Jonathan Swift not only acted as literary geniuses but as a way for modern day historians to see the effects of colonization and the hardshipsRead More Racial and Cultural Test Bias, Stereotype Threat and Their Implications3799 Words   |  16 PagesRacial and Cultural Test Bias, Stereotype Threat and Their Implications A substantial amount of educational and psychological research has consistently demonstrated that African American students underperform academically relative to White students. For example, they tend to receive lower grades in school (e.g., Demo Parker, 1987; Simmons, Brown, Bush, Blyth, 1978), score lower on standardized tests of intellectual ability (e.g., Bachman, 1970; Herring, 1989; Reyes Stanic, 1988; SimmonsRead MoreSingle-Sex Education : Is One Gender Enough?1304 Words   |  6 Pagesfor their commitment. Schools dedicated to a specific gender also allow educators to choose a method of teaching that would most benefit their set of students. Each group of individuals mentioned has much to gain from this unique learning style. Proposal: Considering this, I propose that public school systems give students a choice between single-sex and coeducation in order to further expand their minds and allow them to grow in their chosen environment. A room full of girls is not discriminationRead MoreWhite Collar Crimes And Street Crimes1083 Words   |  5 Pagesand often admired by many (Piquero, 2014). These views often allow white collar crimes to â€Å"slip through the cracks† and carry lesser charges or punishment. Are white collar crimes viewed differently than street crimes? If so, then why? This research proposal will begin with a brief overview of the differences between white-collar crimes and street crimes, then examine societal views on both crimes, and specific patterns of white-collar crimes. It will conclude with identifying recent social and economicRead MoreA Proposal For A Legalization Of Abortion1585 Words   |  7 Pages Executive Summary The purpose of this policy paper is to address the egregious violation of rights that Ireland has submitted it’s citizens to by outlawing abortion procedures. This proposal calls primarily for a decriminalization of abortion and for the government to examine the religiosity of both Ireland’s political administration and the cultural view of abortion. The 2013 Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act fails to protect the maternal health of woman and is failing due to the vaguenessRead MoreMuslim Americans During World War II1826 Words   |  8 Pagesconducted in 2007, found that 54% of Muslim Americans believe that anti-terrorism policies â€Å"single out† Muslims while implementing these policies (Pew Research Center 36). Importantly, out of all Muslim in the U.S., 53% believe that life, as a Muslim American, has become increasingly difficult following the terrorist attacks that occurred on 9/11 (Pew Research Center 35). The terrorist attacks of 9/11 elicited intense emotions from the U.S. population, namely despair, grief, and outrage. Provided that such

Role of Business Strategy in Business-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: What does Business Strategy mean, and what is the role of Business Strategy in Business Management today? Answer: Business Strategy Every business starts with an objective or a goal to achieve. In simple language, business strategy helps achieve the organisational objective. It is documented plan which describes that what and how to achieve. Once the business strategy is formed they are required to be revived after every interval for time both internally and externally. Role of business strategy: Business strategy acts a guide map to review the business externally and internally, how well the organization is making profits, competition analysis and other important factors. It helps in forecasting the future and deal with uncertainties. There may be changes in the economic, political and technological and social factors. It develops tactics to deal with future needs. It provides the mission and vision to the organization so that everyone moves towards the similar goals. It provides clear directions and goals. It defiantly provides a competitive advantage to the organization. Basis business strategies organizations expand. With rigorous research and marketing strategies business expands itself in to the new markets and customer segments. For example: A computer repair organization makes a business strategy to be the Internet service provider also in next 5 yrs. It helps leverage the strengths of the company and identify and fill the gaps of weaknesses. In the new modern age, along with technologies there are changes in the old business ideologies. Shareholder capitalism and stakeholder capitalism is one amongst them. Shareholders are the people who are the owners of the organization through stocks whereas stakeholder can be suppliers, employees, creditors, competitors. Shareholder theory is an old way, where the purpose of the business is to earn the profit for the shareholders only. Now-a days organization are more towards corporate social responsibilities that improves the reputation and name of the organization. The reason behind such a shift is that it helps organization achieve the sustainable growth with its responsibilities for all the stakeholders of the company. Those who contribute for the organizational goals are called Stakeholders. Hence it is important to create their worth and grow together for the future strategies. The new generation capitalizes more on needs of company and values, the old capitalism and business i s not liked. This new type of capitalism looks at the more holistic approach , not only increasing the profits but also successful on the areas like sympathy, friendship, kindness and love. This is the new demand of Millennial. There is a difference between the strategic issues and operational issues. Strategic issues are long term in nature. They are directly linked with the goals of the company and needs the intervention of higher management or leader in the resolution whereas the operational issues are day to day problems that arise while doing the job. It does not always involve top management intervention. Managers play an important role in timely taking the corrective action on the issue. Be it operational or strategic the right stakeholder is to be informed. Strategy plays an important role in coping with the uncertainties of the business in the way that it provides a vision for identifying the future uncertainties in advance by studying the external and internal factors and it provides backup plan. It helps by identifying the level of uncertainty and by tailoring the strategy according to uncertainty. Deliberate Strategy is the age old formula where the strategy is built in advance with planned design and architecture. Like Trend analysis, Swot etc., this is generally done by the Top Management. Emergent strategy is the one which is not planned, it change in the environment happens and the organization deals with it with strategic conditions and business needs. As per my understanding, both the strategies are required by any organization. For any large scale project where there is heavy investment required deliberate strategy that allows design and architecture. Customer prefrences, competitors, technology changes can be addressed with emergent strategy where the changes are at small frequency. In my words, Business strategies are the principles that outline the procedure to achieve the objective. Business strategy provides the picture to the organization about their performance, growth and capabilities. Strategies are future oriented .Business strategy is the part of management function. For example: Achieving customer satisfaction can be one business strategy where the organization will make the plan to achieve the customer satisfaction and long term customer relationship. References Henderson, Bruce (1970).Perspectives on Experience. Boston Consulting Group. Porter, Michael E. (1985).Competitive Advantage. Free Press. Hamel, G. Prahalad (1990), C.K. The Core Competence of the Corporation,Harvard Business Henry Mintberg. (1994) The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning -Harvard Business Review BCG-Phillip Evans-Rethinking Strategy for an Age of Digital Disruption-March 2014 Zhexembayeva, N. (2014).Overfished Ocean Strategy: Powering Up Innovation for a Resource-Depleted World. San Francisco, CA: Berret-Koehler Publishers.

Our Own Harvey Heroes - The Writers For Hire

OUR OWN HARVEY HEROES It started out as a bit of a joke, says Brittany Cooper. Not long after Hurricane Harvey filled Houston’s streets with water, Brittany and her husband, Cody Cooper, started checking in with her friends and family, making sure everyone was OK. When Brittany learned that one of her friends was stranded amid the rising water, she joked about jumping in her boat and coming to the rescue. As soon as she said it, though, Brittany realized that her joke could seriously help people in need. A few hours later, she and Cody were guiding their little boat through the streets of Houston, on the lookout for anyone stranded by the hurricane. Brittany, communications manager at The Writers for Hire (TWFH), was just one of the hundreds of Texans who compromised their own safety and well-being to join the rescue efforts. Brittany’s family hails from Cat Spring, Texas, where she and her husband live on a farm with their four children. The farm sits on 11 acres of flood-resistant wetlands. On Sunday, Aug. 27, The Washington Post reported that the torrential rainfall dropped on Houston as a result of Hurricane Harvey was â€Å"the worst it had ever seen.† A record 30-50 inches of rainfall fell in and around Houstonthe highest volume of rain ever recorded in the continental U.S. — and residents were warned to stay inside to protect themselves from impending floodwaters. Cody Cooper, pushing his aluminum boat through the flood waters. Although the rain began to ease off towards the end of the weekend, the worst was yet to come. In the following days, two dams and a levee overflowed, causing additional flooding to the storm-battered area and displacing hundreds of thousands of residents. Using Facebook and an app called Zello, the Coopers got the word out to people in the city of Katy and Houston’s Memorial area, two of the areas that were affected by the storm. They spent two full days in their boat, rescuing people in need. The water was cold and difficult to navigate, both logistically and physically, especially in areas with fast-moving currents. Brittany says she has no idea how many people she and Cody rescued — they weren’t counting, they were just â€Å"doing what needed to be done.† They crossed paths with many others doing exactly the same thing, some of whom had purchased canoes for this purpose. Brittany says one of the most difficult parts of the rescue effort was that after finding people, they didn’t always know where to direct them. If they couldn’t bring them directly to a shelter, they would get them to dry land and ensure that they were assisted by law officials. It was hard to let them go, especially knowing that they may have lost everything. Rescue efforts were especially tricky and slow going at times because certain areas were entirely closed off to protect the public. Brittany says that law enforcement and rescue workers were thankful and re-routed people in boats rather than telling them to turn back to safety — they needed every bit of help they could get. By the second day, the Coopers worked out a more streamlined procedure and plan. Cody and his friends went door-to-door offering help and pushing the boats to dry land. Brittany was in charge of giving people and pets a warm welcome. â€Å"We laughed, cried and I even got to cuddle fur babies,† Brittany says. â€Å"Seriously, these families were so sweet!† And even after two exhausting days on the ground, the Coopers continued to help flood victims in other ways. One of the problems with this type of catastrophic emergency is that shelters and other evacuation centers end up with plenty of donations — but they don’t always know what kinds of donations are needed the most. Brittany asked families for lists of high-priority items and then, with the help of friends and family, acquired everything on the lists. One of Brittany’s friends even donated a car to a family. Not only did Brittany coordinate essentials for five or six families, another TWFH staff member, Jen Rizzo of Colorado, gathered donations and drove all the way to Texas with essentials in tow. Wintress Odom, founder of TWFH also raised $12,000 and counting via a You Caring page. Wintress, who lives in Katy, also stepped in to look after the Coopers’ children when Brittany and Cody were out on the boat. Brittany jokes that Wintress â€Å"was the real MVP because dealing with four kids is harder than what we did.† Brittany insists that she doesn’t feel that her family did anything extraordinary. They witnessed many, many other people out there helping people in various ways and were touched by the way the community came together. While the initial floodwaters have now cleared, the damage remains extensive, and thousands of residents have been left permanently homeless. Some estimates of the cost of Harvey’s destruction are as high $190 billion dollars, and it will take years to rebuild.