Compare and contrast the characters of Rebecca Nurse and John Proctor

John Proctor is a person, a citizen, a spouse, and very well- respected member of the community. All of this is represented by his name. The name of John Proctor could be considered his most prized possession that he would never let anything happen to it. It is his most priceless asset. Proctor does not set out with any intentions of hurting someone he is very strong-willed and caring. Rebecca Nurse is the wife of Francis Nurse a judge. Rebecca is known of the most well-respected and good citizen and kindly of Salem. She is admired because of her honesty and truthfulness. In comparison John Proctor, Rebecca Nurse is very much respected in their society. Both found themselves as a victim of the witch craft accusations, both Rebecca and John had similarity in honesty their response was what showed their differences. Rebecca nurse did not seem to be moved by the pressures of diverting from the truth; John Proctor faced a big challenge in telling the truth about his standing with witch-craft. The town’s people’s thought of John Proctor’s and Rebecca Nurse’s characters is of a similar standing. Both portray themselves as good, honest, and God-fearing people. John Proctor’s strength is being manly which adds to him being a strong and truthful character. John Proctor being manly can be contrasted to the strength of Rebecca Nurse not physically, but strength in Character as of goodness, caring and truth. The characteristic of Rebecca Nurse could be seen especially towards the end of the play where she was not even moved by pressures in telling the truth at the expense of her life instead, she tried to convince John proctor to tell the truth: â€Å"REBECCA: Why, it is a lie, it is a lie; how may I damn myself? Oh John God send his mercy on you†. Although Rebecca Nurse was above reproach in her everyday life, John Proctor wasn’t. He had an affair with younger age girl . This also shows the differences in the strength of goodness shown by both characters. At the end of the play, both Rebecca Nurse and John Proctor they refused to accept the witch-craft accusations made against them although John Proctor took some time before he actually settled for the truth.

Crash Character Analysis Essay

Officer Tommy Hansen, a Los Angeles police officer who, after observing his partner Officer John Ryan pull over Cameron Thayer and Christine Thayer and sexually molests Christine, requests a change of partner. He ultimately reveals his own insecurities with other races through his treatment of Peter Waters. We later see Tommy walking away from his burning car wearing a pair of latex gloves, thus concealing his involvement in the shooting. Officer John Ryan, a prejudiced white police officer who molests Cameron’s wife, Christine, under the pretense of searching for a weapon. Ryan is trying to get help for his father, who has been misdiagnosed with a bladder infection. His anger manifests in prejudice, which stems from the destructive impact that local affirmative action policies had on his father’s business. He later saves Christine from a burning car when he had the perfect opportunity to ensure that he left the burning car alive, which leaves Christine stunned. Cameron Thayer, a black television director. He witnesses Officer Ryan molesting his wife and later realizes that the producers of his television show propagate racist stereotypes about black people. At the scene of Hansen’s burning car (to eliminate evidence of a murder), he is able to find contentment and reconnects with his wife. Christine Thayer, Cameron’s wife. She is molested by Ryan and becomes furious with her husband because he didn’t defend her. The two insult each other over their upbringings–as both Cameron and Christine have grown up in more privileged environments than many other African Americans. The next day she is trapped in an overturned car due to a car accident and, by a twist of fate, Officer Ryan is the man who willingly endangers himself to save her life.

Business Plan Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Business Plan Master - Case Study Example Furthermore, Ms. Thomas feels that her enthusiasm towards the task will enable her become a successful sole proprietor. However, there seems to be some drawbacks in that she has a dispute with her husband with whom they have separated but this does not seem to deter from achieving her goals. Ms. Thomas has never been an entrepreneur and therefore she does not have any records to indicate that she has engaged in business before. Financially, Ms.Thomas seems to have some financial commitment because as indicated, she has had a bank account for ten years. In her business proposal, she has left out some essential information, which would assist her in the in understanding the kind of business she wants to engage in. A business plan is also evaluated by looking at one's ability to run a business. In business, it involves one's ability to manage resources. From Ms. Thomas history, she has little or no experience that she can use to manage her business. This would be very challenging to her because, in order to run a business well, one needs to have knowledge that will assist her in the management of the physical, human and financial resources. Due to the fact that this is the first time that she is engaging in business, she may not have any business documents to support her claim that she has the ability to keep financial records. In this case, if requested by the bank to show the business records, then, she would not have any to show since this is one requirement that a bank would ask for when one is requesting for a business loan. Management would also be evaluated in a business plan. This would be done in terms of assessing the quality of the key personnel that she would employ the relevance of decision makers and also the level of education and training displayed by the key personnel. In Ms. Thomas proposal, she does not explain in any way in which the personnel would be recruited to assess their credibility in terms of offering quality service to the clients. In this case, she would not be in a position to know if the key personnel are helping her in making relevant decisions in the business. The purpose of a business should also be analyzed in a business plan. One needs to explain why a banking facility is needed, whether the facility will be based on serving the customers, whether it would be used for trading purposes or for purchasing fixed assets. Ms. Thomas proposal clearly outlines the purposes for which she would use the facility. For instance, she would request a mortgage from the bank to buy fixtures, fittings and stock and also in the acquiring of a premise. In business plans, an analysis is done on amounts. In this case, one has to balance between the customers stake versus the bank. Ensuring that all costs have been included and that they are correct would do this. When analyzing amount, one needs to ensure that the customers' money is injected into the business before the bank lends it money. In the case of Ms. Thomas proposal, she has stated that she would give all her customers priorities but she has not included the costs that would be incurred in running the business. Furthermore, her business is new so she does not have any money from sales that is essential to show to the banks that she indeed has a business that is going on and

Fitness and Wellness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fitness and Wellness - Essay Example If the body is healthy, it follows that the mind is healthy as well and will become more capable to engage in things that requires comprehensive thinking. Having a healthy mind and body has also the psychological benefit of feeling good about oneself knowing that we are fit. It enhances our self-esteem and makes us more confident about ourselves and life in general. The most obvious and immediate benefit of being healthy is wellness. Wellness meant that we are free from any sickness that render us sick, weak or lethargic. Being well meant that we feel great about our body and are ready to face and enjoy the challenges of life. For us to become well, healthy and fit, we have to eat right first. We have to feed our body foods that keeps and make it healthy and strong. If we feed our body with the wrong food, it will naturally get week because it does not have the necessary food to keep itself healthy. Eating healthy meant eating more fruits, vegetables and cereals and less meat and fatty foods. Fruits does not only taste good but they are nutritious as well. Vegetables on the other hand are also nutritious, fiberous and many are even considered medicinal that prevents and heals the body from getting sick. Cereals gives us the energy to do the things that we like doing. Meats may taste good but they should be minimized because they are unhealthy. They are unhealthy because they are fatty and high in cholesterol that shoots up our blood pressure and gives us heart attack. We also have to exercise to keep ourselves fit. There are a lot of ways to keep ourselves fit. We just have to be creative. A lot of people excuse themselves in not being fit because they do not have the time to exercise because of their busy schedule or that they are bored with it. We should not excuse ourselves if we want to be well, fit and healthy. One of the effective ways to overcome boredom in working out is

Strategic and Financial Analysis of P&G Research Paper

Strategic and Financial Analysis of P&G - Research Paper Example P&G offers more than 250 brands to its customers. The net sales of the company were recorded to be more than $1 billion in 2011. The product portfolio of P&G can be segregated into divisions based on the usage of the products. It offers washing or laundry products, hair care and grooming products, health care products, and personal care products. In the hair care product category, P&G holds the maximum market share of 34.6 percent, as can be seen in Figure 1. The competitors such as L’Oreal, Unilever, Alberto Culvert, and John Frieda are some of the popular market players in the hair care segment holding lesser market share than P&G. The top hair care brands of P&G are Pantene, Head & Shoulders, Aussie and Silvikrin.   In the washing and laundry category too, P&G is the market leader. As can be seen in Figure 3, P&G rules on 46 percent of, the detergent market. The most famous laundry brands of P&G are Ariel, Tide, Bold, Fairy, Lenor, etc. In the household cleaning category, P&G has 11.6 percent market share. The best brands of P&G in this segment is Flash. Lastly, in the personal care, skin care or grooming segment, P&G has around 1.4 percent market share among the other companies. The Product Life Cycle determines the position of the products or brands of a company in the market. In case of P&G, most of the brands sold under its product portfolio are in their maturity and growth stage, as P&G’s products are generating huge profits for the company in most of the segments and are among the market leaders (P&G, 2012d). In order to validate the position of most of the P&G’s products in the PLC, the revenue and profit figures for the last 5 years have been considered.

The various ways in which the Hindus image God or the divine Essay

The various ways in which the Hindus image God or the divine - Essay Example The images are viewed as spiritual not material images that can assist the worshippers in reaching their God. Hindus describe the nature of God in various ways such as Acintya, Sanskrit, Shasta and murti. Acintya means the nature of God that is inconceivable beyond the thoughts and understanding of human beings. Sanskrit is a form of describing the nature of God .This means that when travelling from one place to another, this image can protect a worshipper throughout their destination. The Hindus also worship specific images that are known as arcya-vigraha.This means an image that can be worshipped .Another term that is used to describe the nature of God in Hindu religion is that of murti referring to a divine form of God (Clooney, 2005: 250). The scared images that are found in the Hindu temples and homes are installed according to specific rituals that are described in the scripture. For instance, devotees can go to the temple to take fruits and flowers and later on stand before the scared images in order to offer their hopes and prayers to them. In this case, the worshippers do not bow down to the stones or worship the statutes but they approach the images as a means of reaching God their maker (Clooney, 2005: 250).... The images of gods and goddesses are normally displayed in the stores, hospitals, altars and shrines of the Hindus homes. Hindus acknowledge the deities, but they consider only one to be supreme. They may also consider all gods and goddesses to be equal but they worship only one who is their favorite. They view all the divinities to be the manifestations of a single godhead (Clooney, 2005: 250). The Upanishads is a Hindu sacred text that refers to the Supreme Being known as the Brahman and is considered to be ineffable and it's beyond all human comprehension. Texts referred to as the purana claim that there is a divine entity that assumes a form and name that makes itself accessible to human kind. The Hindus speak of the Supreme Being as being the nirguna one. Are Buddhists being extreme or pessimistic when they assess that humans are rarely compassionate in a truly pure or selfless sense Buddhists are a family of beliefs and practices that are considered to be a religion that is based on the teachings that are attributed to Buddha. Buddha was also known as Siddhartha Gautama which means bound by a Nepal. This person lived and was taught in the Northern Eastern region of the Indian subcontinent where he died around 400 B.C.E in India. Buddha was believed to be a teacher who shared his insights in order to help the sentient beings so as to end their sufferings through understanding the nature of the phenomena; he escaped from the cycle of suffering and rebirth. Buddha passed a message of peace, hope, compassion, tolerance, understanding, wisdom, truth, respect and regard for life to persons that followed the Buddhism religion (Gyatso, 2001:51). The Buddhists that did

Setting Up Business and Financial Reporting Essay

Setting Up Business and Financial Reporting - Essay Example Income tax differs as per different forms of business structure like the sole proprietorship, partnership, and company. "Pass-through" tax entities like sole proprietorships, partnerships and limited liability companies are charged taxes as per the net profits they generated (Business.gov.au, 2015b). Australian industrial or business environment system requires sound understanding and selecting feasible business structures to gain success. Owners have to explore the guideline promoted by Australian Taxation Office. It will help in learning income tax rules for different type of business in Australia. Unincorporated business owners are responsible to pay income taxes on the basis of net profits earned by the business during any fiscal period. Reserves and provisions are not considered as a part of profits while calculating income tax. It creates issues for the partnership or sole proprietorship businesses (Business.gov.au, 2015c). On the other hand, partnership business is quite compl ex as partners many a time avoid reporting their shares on corporate profits, which reduces personal tax returns. Partners report salaries, bonuses and dividends incomes as their taxable income. Therefore, it can be said that owners of partnership firms enjoy the tax advantage. In this scenario, all the four partners Mary, Martha, John, and James are responsible to pay tax individually and on-behalf of their new day spa business. Australian Taxation Office can face the potential avoidance of reporting share from the business.

Contributions of Satirical Graphic Novels to the quality of Primary Essay

Contributions of Satirical Graphic Novels to the quality of Primary Education in the US - Essay Example This prompts the use of learning and teaching materials that are easy to understand given that these children can easily be distracted. One such example of educating material that makes up the content of primary school education is the use of satirical graphic novels that use wit and irony to bring out the real nature of a topic. Satirical graphic novels, among other graphic novels, have an aspect of encouraging the reader to keep on reading so as to grasp the intended meaning. However, not all agree to the use of these novels in educating children and think that they might have negative impacts on their leaning. This paper examines the various ways through which satirical graphic novels contribute positively to the quality of primary education in the US. The use of satirical graphic novels in primary education tremendously contributes to the understanding capacity of the children. Before looking at the ways in which satirical graphic novels contribute to the quality of primary education, we should first look at how they came into use in the education system. Historically, the use of satirical graphic novels in primary education has been a controversial issue with some people trying to contraindicate their advantages. Satirical graphic novels came to being through writers who wanted to use them to address some topics in education, especially primary education. Will Eisner produced the first satirical graphic novel in 1978, titled â€Å"Contract with God and Other Tenement Stories† (Schwartz 197). This novel represented the first graphic novel to be extensively used in primary education after discovery of the values of its use. It became widespread in primary schools, in the U.S. Satirical graphic novels have continued to gain p opularity in the past 25 years, in their use, in the primary educational system. These novels can be used in the teaching of all subjects through the incorporation of the desired information into graphics mode. This incorporation of satirical graphic novels into primary education in the United States over the years has led to disregarding of the mode by some researchers that deem it as destructive to education (Brown 65). However, the educational system came up with different levels according to the age difference and the developmental requirements of children so as to incorporate the use of graphic novels. The difference in age also represents the differences in level of understanding. As such, there is a proposition that the younger populations comprehend better in easy words and pictures, thus encouraging the use of graphic novels (Schwartz 197). On the contrary, there are a few individuals, who insist that these satirical graphic novels have made primary school children less att racted and conversant with pure reading of scripts and books. As a result of this, they advise and advocate their removal from the education system in the United States’ primary educational system. However, in this paper, I will base my focus on outlining the various ways that satirical graphic novels positively contribute to the quality of primary education. In contrast with some previous researcher’s views of the damaging effects of satirical graphic novels in primary education, there are many ways through which satirical graphic novels have values in primary education. This paper hopes to highlight the use and contribution of satirical graphic novels to primary education in the United States today. In doing so, it discusses the various aspects within satirical graphic novels that can be applied to children’s learning in primary education, as well as the various subjects in which they apply to and

Teamwork experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teamwork experience - Essay Example The researcher states the cultural differences made him stand out of the group at a communicative level. The Australians fluently spoke to one another and quite often, the researcher would feel left out. He tried to join them in the conversation. But he used to take too long to think about right words to construct the sentence, which would not only be embarrassing for him, but would also require them to display patience while listening to the researcher, which ultimately broke the temp of conversation. The author of this article understood English sufficiently to know the meaning but founds it difficult to speak with the required fluency and appropriate usage of words. Anyhow, he did not have any choice as the authority rested with majority and conversation had to be made in English. Besides, English is the course language so he had better give up any attempts to devise another language as the medium of communication. He mostly listened to his group members as they spoke. This not on ly maintained the tempo of conversation, but also provided him with an opportunity to improve his English speaking skill. There was a great deal of difference between the comfort he felt in speaking English between the start of the project and the end of the project. There is another positive aspect of interacting in foreign language which is that it reduces cultural differences among team members and helps in the development of strong rapport among them. (Neyer and Harzing, 2008, p. 13). In week 6, we learned how to work in a diverse group. The diversity among team members can be there in terms of difference of age, gender, culture and such other factors. In our case, our team was diverse in terms of culture as we were all boys and belonged to the same age group. I learned that diversity can cause many conflicts if not handled in the appropriate manner. In order to minimize the conflicts, we needed to minimize the cultural differences by understanding one another’s culture. Therefore, we established a culture based meeting. In that meeting, I was supposed to introduce Chinese culture to my group mates whereas they would talk about the Australian culture. That meeting was specifically meant to enhance our understanding of each other’s cultures. It is possible to reduce the cultural differences between team members if â€Å"mental processes associated with national culture are relatively fluid, and can be changed and sustained by appropriate situational factors† (Leung et al., 2005, p. 367). In the culture based meeting, the specific area that required to be discussed was ethics. Standards of ethics vary from culture to culture. What actions are considered respectable and honoring in one culture may be considered insulting in another, Therefore, in order to make sure that we respected each other’s cultural ethics, we discussed ethics of Chinese and Australian culture in this meeting. This way, we handled the cultural diversity in a v ery good manner. Not only was this meeting very enjoyable and informative, it also helped us escape a lot of dysfunctional conflicts as we knew each other’s cultural demands and would act accordingly so that nobody’s feelings were hurt. In week 7 and week 8, we learned how to work in a team, minimize the conflicts and be successful. Teamwork is very helpful for achieving big tasks that require a multitude of competences all of which are not the property of one individual. Therefore, in a team, members benefit from one another’s competences in order to attain their mutual goals and shared objectives. In our team, students A and B had a stronger bond with each other than with the rest of team members. They would often make fuss over petty issues, and we had to be patient in order to keep the ship

Studio Art Essay Example for Free

Studio Art Essay Graffiti originated in New York in the late 1970s. It started off with locals writing their names on walls and subway train just for fame. Before and after that though there were other types of graffiti such as political statements. Graffiti these days is mostly tagging which is the act of marking a surface with a quick scrawl, stencils are common in the city and large aerosol pieces are usually found alongside train lines. The main issue dealing with graffiti these days is how to prevent it. At the same time there are parties that argue we need graffiti and it is an important form of art. Most people trying to prevent graffiti are usually only against the art being produced illegally, that is on private property without permission of the owner. The main argument against graffiti is that it is mainly tagging and it has no brains behind it all. None of it has any meaning. It is so called art that is only for the hip-hop community. The tags make everything look disgusting because it is messy and unreadable. It gives the impression that the councils do not care. It costs around $200,000 a year to remove from walls and public transport, this money could be better spent. Graffiti is a crime and attracts more crime and gangs. Owners that have had their property vandilised by graffiti artists would want to move some where else. Graffiti on shop windows is bad business. There have been a range of ideas presented to support graffiti in a good way and prevent it from occurring illegally. Ideas already in practice are ? Designating high tolerance zones in lanes in Melbourne CBD (Central Business District), such as Hosier Lane. The purpose of high tolerance zones is to keep graffiti on the streets and not remove it. Artists will be attracted to use the lane to exhibit their art instead of commercial and public buildings. ?Legal murals have been encouraged by councils. This aims keep people interested in the graffiti style of art but on a legal level. ?Exhibitions are held frequently at places such as Kent Street Cafes Early Space and the Meatmarket that show graffiti related art work and art done by present and former graffiti artist. Artwork on exhibition is hardly ever tagging, but other forms of graffiti such a stencils, stickers, posters and aerosol pieces. This is aiming to move graffiti art from a street level to a professional level that can be used in the art industry. Councils aim to remove fresh graffiti from public transport within 24 hours. This aims to lower vandals moral and send the message that what they do will not stay so there is no point in doing it. Debates on whether or not graffiti is an actual art and what to do to prevent arise in newspapers. In articles such as Graffiti Crimes from The Age (Melbourne) magazine and Graffiti Plan Ridiculous from the MX paper the writers have very aggressive and unfriendly tones. In Graffiti Plan Ridiculous the writer is actually attacking a writer of a previous letter that suggested everyone entering the CBD must show ID and proof of address. The idea goes with out saying that is ridiculous. There was really no need to lunch an attack just for suggesting it. This shows that tempers are wearing thin on the issue and it is creating a lot of hostility. The article A Display Of Culture by Renae Payne shows the contention of graffiti artists that consider the art as an important part of youth and hip-hop culture. All the artists are in favor of getting legal support from councils. PERSONAL OPINION ? James Borg I think that graffiti is an art, always has been and always will be. The same can be argued about Marcel Duchamps Urinal as it is not a traditional form of art and can be seen as an insult. If a urinal or scribble on a wall can be art then any thing can be art. Something becomes art when it is taken out of context. In the case of graffiti, in all its forms, text and images that are made to be contained on paper and private places are put onto public surfaces. Just because I think graffiti is a form of art does not mean it is not ugly. I think some art in galleries can be very ugly, just because I dont like the look of it doesnt mean everyone does not like it. I have very high expectations of graffiti art. The placement of graffiti art is crucial. The high-tolerance zones are a good idea because all the good art is concentrated in one spot, any one can add their own work to it and no one gets in trouble. Legal murals everywhere are the best because the graffiti does not have to be secluded to a small lane and it encourages more legal murals. Legal murals hardly get vandalised. Illegal graffiti in certain areas definitely destroys the area in a lot of ways. If a wall gets crowded with graffiti it will attract more graffiti, some times of much lower quality. Some times better artists will add their work. Either way the public do not want to see it. I can not say I would like or not. If it were just tags I wouldnt, depends on what it looks like. Fences that run parallel with train lines are constantly being graffitied. Artists want their work on these walls because people hundreds of people catch the train everyday and see their work. If these walls were legalised the amount of illegal graffiti would probably be reduced by more than half. There are a lot of already legal walls on the train line and most of the time artists ask the owner if their wall can be painted. This should be encouraged. I like the whole style of the graffiti pieces and the elements used. I am not concerned about trying to get illegal graffiti recognised as a professional art form in the industry. Graffiti was meant to be illegal, thats the whole point of it. Illegal work will never be appreciated totally by critics because there are too many negatives. Art works in galleries that are based on graffiti might look good but technically it is not graffiti. I will support it as long as it stays creative. I have pretty much grown out of liking graffiti anyway because it is all the same really. I realised that it does more harm than good and it has lost its meaning, even though it started off putting a name up for fame. Stencil art is good but a lot of it lacks skill and originality. The only way illegal graffiti artists will get properly recognised is by doing legal work.

Key Elements Of Industrial Relations Commerce Essay

Key Elements Of Industrial Relations Commerce Essay Worldwide approximately 6,000 workers lose their lives each and every day of the yeas due to work-related accidents, injuries, or diseases. An estimation of 2.2 million people throughout the world die every year because of work-related accidents and diseases and 270 million other people suffer from serious injuries and 160 million people suffer short or long term illness due to work each year. As this is a very high number and a critical issue in worldwide ILO has been at the heart of ILOs agenda, to protect against sickness, disease and injury taking place due to employment. As such this topic can be seen as an important issue in the IR systems of the world. The objective of this assignment is to see and come to a conclusion whether ILO can make a difference in the issue of Safety and Health at Work in the world today by looking closely at ILO, their work, views and recommendations on this issue through the knowledge and information that we got from this subject Industrial Relations. This discussion paper will also help us to improve our ability to communicate and generate ideas and give more comprehensive knowledge about Industrial Relations and its concepts and to identify what ILO needs to do in order to improve and make world more aware on Safety and Health at Work as this is a very important issue in the world today for its workers and employers. Betterment of Safety and Health at Work will establish much better relationships with their employees, have more satisfied and healthy workers, as such working place and people will be more happy and problem free which will help companies to achieve their goals easily and gain profits. Henc e, the IR system throughout the world will be more efficient and effective making the working environment and world a much better and safer place. (Safety and Health at Work, n.d.) 2.0 What are IR and IIR? Traditionally Industrial Relations (IR) focuses on formal and informal institutions of job regulation which includes collective bargaining, unions, employer associations and labour tribunals. A countrys industrial relations are formed by a series of influences like that countrys history, culture, law, technology, economic policies and response to globalization. Industrial relations are defined by Dunlop (1958) as the study of employment rules and their variations over time. As per Dunlop, government agencies and management unions established a network of rules to govern the workplace and the work community. It is the study about who generates the rules prevailing worker-management relations in the workplace, the temperament of those rules, and how they are managed and standardized. (Kelly, 1999) International Industrial Relations deals with the bodies and phenomena that have cross national limitations as their industrial relations features of multi-national companies or the international labour movement. 2.1 Key Elements of Industrial Relations (Refer Appendix 1) 2.2 Systems View of IR 2.3 Approaches to Industrial Relations 2.4 Success of an IR System Success of an IR system depends on a company successfully attending to certain issues by enabling and ensuring harmony within the economy and in turn gaining social development. (Refer Appendix 2) 3.0 International Labour Organization (ILO) Overview ILO was founded on 11th April 1919 at the peace conference by the Treaty of Versialls that ended the World War I. It was created mainly in response to humanitarian concern over the conditions of workders, political and economic considerations. Since its early days the ILO has made signal contributions to the world of work as in the first International Labour Conference held in Washington in October 1919 ILO adopted six International Labour Conventions dealing with working hours in industry, maternity protection, night work for women, unemployment, minimum age and night work for young people in the industry. The International Labour Office is the permanent secretariat and operational headquarters of ILO. There are more than 40 branch offices under the leadership of a Director-General with administration and management being decentralized in each regional area. Director-General is elected every five years by the governing body and is subjected to the instructions of the governing body and responsible for efficient conduct of the International Labour Office and other which may be assigned. ILO Administration Tribunal examines employment-related complaints by officials of International Labour Office who has recognized jurisdiction and currently serving 46,000 international civil servants who are serving of former officials of around 60 organisations. Universally ILO is regarded as an authoritative source of knowledge on the world of work and they have established institutes and centres that provide specialized research, training and support for the ILOs offices and constituents. (About the ILO, n.d.) 3.1 Structure of ILO Tripartite Constituency ILO is the only tripartite U.N. agency with government, employer, and worker representatives which makes them unique forum where governments and social partners of its 185 member states economy freely and openly debate and elaborate on labour standards and policies. 3.2 How ILO Works Tripartism and Social Dialogue Most important concept ILO is the cooperation between governments and employers and workers organizations in developing social and economic progress. By bringing together governments, employers and workers ILO aims to serve the needs of working women and men and setting labour standards, developing policies and devise programmes. This very structure shows ILOs social dialogue in action as workers and employers together have an equal voice with governments in its deliberations and these views are reflected in ILO labour standards, policies and programmes. Tripartism is encouraged within ILOs constituents and member states through promotion of social dialogue between trade unions and employers by formulation and implementation of national policy on social, economic and many other issues. ILOs main work is accomplished through three main bodies (The International labour Conference, the Governing body and the Office) which is comprise of governments, employers and workers representatives where the work of Governing Body and the Office is assisted by tripartite committees covering major industries. They are also supported by committees of experts on matters such as management development, industrial relations, vocational training, workers education, occupational safety and health, and special problems of women and young workers. To examine matters of special interest to concerned regions, regional meetings of the ILO member states are periodically held. (How the ILO works, n.d.) 3.3 Mission and Objective of ILO The primary goal of the ILO today is to promote opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive work, in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity. (Juan Somavia, ILO Director-General) 3.4 The ILO Constitution The Preamble to the Constitutions says Whereas Universal and Lasting Peace can be established only if it is based upon Social Justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Please see ILO website for full text) 3.5 Scope of the ILO 3.6 Works of the ILO ILO seeks to ensure that labour standards are respected in practice as well as in principle while working with its member States as they are the global body responsible for drawing up and overseeing application of international standards. 3.7 Key Issues Tackled by the ILO Some of the key issues tackled by the ILO are: Global job crisis Social protection floor initiative Realizing the Millennium Development Goals Social Justice and a Fair Globalization 3.8 How ILO Intervenes 3.8.1 International Labour Standards and its Effects 3.8.2 Recent Status of International Labour Standards As at November 2012 the International Labour Standards can be said to have: 189 Conventions (C 189, Domestic Workers Convention, 2010) 202 Recommendations (R 202, Social Protection Floors Recommendation 2012) 185 Member States (Maldives, South Sudan, Republic of Palau) International Labour Standards are classified as; Basic Human Rights, Employment, Social policy, Labour Administration, Industrial Relations, Conditions of work, Social Security, Employment of Women, Employment of Children and Young Persons, Protection for Special Categories 3.8.3 Means of Action used by ILO 3.9 Areas Handled by ILO under Conventions and Recommendations 3.9.1 Conventions and Recommendations Conventions and Recommendations are two instruments used by the ILO to set international labour standards to set out basic principles and rights at work. Conventions are legally binding international treaties that might be ratified by member states and recommendations serve as non-binding guidelines. As convention lays down the basic principles to be implemented by ratifying countries while related recommendations complements the convention by giving more thorough guidelines on how it could be applied. Recommendations can also be self-ruling and not linked to any convention. There are 8 fundamental conventions and four priority governance conventions. (Refer Appendix 3) Total Number of Conventions: 189 Convention Fundamental: 8 Convention Governance (Priority): 4 Up to date Conventions: 82 Shelved Conventions: 25 Withdrawn Conventions: 5 Conventions in force: 153 Number of Protocols: 5 Number of Recommendations: 202 Withdrawn Recommendations: 36 3.9.2 Why these Areas are Important Some important Conventions and Recommendations are: No. 29 Forced Labour Convention (1930) No. 87 Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize Convention (1948) No. 98 Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention (1949) No. 100 Equal Remuneration Convention (1951) No. 105 Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (1957) No. 111 Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention (1958) No. 138 Minimum Age Convention (1973) and Recommendation NO. 190 No. 182 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (1999) and Recommendation No. 146 (ILO Conventions and Recommendations, n.d.) Details are given in the Appendix (Refer Appendix 4) T F 3.10 Supervision and Monitoring of Application of Standards ILO has a large standard-setting and supervision agenda and is essentially based on two types of procedures a regular procedure and ad hoc procedure which is activated on adversarial basis and is described in its Constitution. Present structure is the outcome of a series of adjustments made by the Conference and the Governing Body throughout the years in order to adapt the procedure to the growing numbers of conventions and states that are parties to them. As ILO is a tripartite organization its constituents and decision makers are not only the governments but also workers and employers and they all play an active role in the supervision of ratified conventions. (Romano, 1996) Below are some of supervisory documents, reports and bodies Annual Reports Under Article 22 ( ILO Constitution)- Ratified Conventions Under Article 19 ( ILO Constitution)- Non-ratified Conventions Committee of Experts on Application of Conventions and Recommendation (CEACR) Conference Committee on Application of Standards Global Report Reports under Declaration of Social Justice for Fair Globalization of 2008 3.11 ILOs Complaint Procedure ILOs complaint procedure is regulated by Articles 26 to 34 of the ILO Constitution by which a complaint can be judged against a member state not observing a convention to which it is a party and can be filed by: Another member state also having ratified the same convention Any delegate to the ILO Conference (each member state is also represented by a delegate representing the employers and a delegate representing the workers) The ILO Governing Body (composed of 28 state representatives, 14 representatives from employers and 14 representative of workers) This shows that a compliant cannot be filed by an individual and is mostly done by trade unions of the country which are represented in the ILO (Complaints, n.d.) Below are committees for complaints: Committee on Freedom of Association Commission of Inquiry 3.11.1 Declaration of Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up These declarations makes sure that these rights are universal and that they apply to all people in all states, regardless of their economic development and the commitment is supported by a follow-up procedure. The Declaration and its Follow-up provides three ways to help countries, employers and workers to achieve the full potential of the Declarations objective. They are: Annual Review composed of reports from countries that have not yet ratified Global Report Technical cooperation projects (About the Declaration, n.d.) 3.11.2 Core Labour Standards 4.0 Safety and Health at Work Every 15 seconds, a worker dies from a work-related accident or disease. Every 15 seconds, 160 workers have a work-related accident. There are more than 2.3 million deaths per year everyday, 6,300 people die as a result of occupational accidents or work-related diseases. From these 317 million accidents occur on the job annually which results in extended absences of workers from work. Hence, the human cost of this danger is huge and the economic burden caused due to poor occupational safety and health practices is anticipated at 4 percent of global Gross Domestic Product each year. 4.1 What is Safety and Health at Work? Safety and Health conditions at work differ from country to country, economic sectors and even social groups. Their concept of work culture is a reflection of the essential value systems adopted by that party and such cultures can be seen in practice in the managerial systems, personnel policy, principles for participation, training policies and quality management of the task. Safety and Health at work or Occupational safety and health (OSH) aim is the promotion and upholding of maximum level of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; in summary the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job. Main goal is to promote a safe and healthy work environment for every worker. The main focus is on three different objectives; The maintenance and promotion of workers health and working capacity The improvement of working environment and work to become conducive to safety and health, and Development of work organizations and working cultures in a direction which supports health and safety at work while doing so promoting a positive social climate and smooth operation and enhancing productivity of the work. 4.2 Reasons for selecting this Topic Main reason why I chose this topic is because today this is one of the main concerns in the world and the work environment. As industrial relations is a very important concept in each and every country today as creating and establishing a safe work environment is vital to the success of any business and is one of the best ways to retain staff and get their maximum productivity. As such this is very important and essential even though it might cost a bit to implement such safe practices and install safe equipment but not taking any action might lead to severe problems. As I used to work before and after finishing my studies I plan to go and start work I feel that safety in any workplace is essential and that businesses need to ensure this in order to keep their staff happy and make them work to their full potential. I also feel that knowing and understanding the OHS laws and new work health and safety laws will help me to avoid unnecessary costs and damage to myself and to my fellow w orkers and provide me satisfaction and an organization the foundation they need to achieve long-term success. When I go back to work I want to go to a place where there is best safety and health at work which will make my life safer in the work environment. This also a very crucial issue that people need to give their time and effort to make it better, specially international organization like ILO, to take notice and do something and make a difference in the world so that more people are aware of this problems, solutions and actions that will taken if there is bad safety and health at work as deaths and injuries take a primarily a heavy toll in developing countries, where most of the population is occupied in dangerous activities, such as agriculture, fishing and mining. Also the most affected are the poorest and least protected, often women, children and migrants throughout the world. 4.3 ILOs Approach on Safety and Health at Work ILO has a Programme on Safety and Health at Work and the Environment, SafeWork, which aims to create worldwide awareness of the scope and consequences of work-related accidents, injuries and diseases. SafeWorks aim is to place the health and safety of all workers on the international agenda; and to encourage and support practical action at all levels. As ILO says Decent work is safe work. (Safety and health at work, n.d.) The ILO published ILO-OSH in 2001 titled as Guidelines an on occupational safety and health management systems to help organizations with introducing OSH management systems. These guidelines encourage constant progression in employee health and safety, accomplished through a constant process of policy, organization, planning implementation, evaluation and action for improvement, all supported by constant auditing to resolve the success of OSH actions. In order to assist employers to keep up with the speedily changing and competitive industrial environments the ILO management system was created. ILO recognized that national legislation is vital but inadequate on its own to tackle the challenges faced by industry as such they selected to guarantee free and open distribution of administrative tools in the forum of occupational health and safety management system supervision for everyone to provide everyone with tools for industry to create safer and healthy working environment and set up a positive safety cultures within the organizations. 4.4 Safety and Health at Work Standards The ILO Constitution put forth the principle that workers should be protected from sickness, disease and injury taking place from their employment. ILO standards on occupational safety and health supplied fundamental tools for governments, employers, and workers to set up such practices and to provide for maximum safety at work. ILO have also adopted more than 40 standards in particular dealing with occupational safety and health, as well as over 40 Codes of Practice and almost half of ILO instruments deal directly with occupational safety and health issues. (Refer Appendix 4) 4.5 Good Practices of Safety and Health at Work in Different Countries The Healthy Workplaces Campaigns (formerly known as European Weeks for Safety and Health at Work) running since 2000 are one of EU-OSHAs principal tools for raising awareness of issues related to occupational safety and health, and promoting the idea that good health and safety is good for business. Also these campaigns are now largest of their kind in the world. (Healthy Workplaces Campaigns, n.d.) Some other good practices are: Assistance in planning and organization of all features of work, at all stages, to make sure working conditions which will not in the short or longer term damage the health and safety of the employees; Collaboration with the Internal Safety service, Safety Committee and involvement of workers, to make sure that all aspects of health and safety at work are incorporated in the workplace review and the solution of problems; Primary elements of the assessment principles of prevention are implemented in advising how the work is to be planned and performed. All company documentation needed for the risk assessment is collected; workplace and individual employee files are kept. Workplace assessment is performed in an efficient and practical way also in regard to the environment. Appropriate directions to the workers and their education are included; and Necessary training and expert assistance when needed are ensured. 4.6 Safety and Health at Work Situation in the Real World and its Reasons 4.6.1 Situation in General throughout the World Work plays an essential role in peoples lives as most workers spend at least eight hours a day in the workplace, whether it is an office, factory, on a plantation, etc. Hence, it is vital that work environment to be safe and healthy but this is not the case for many workers around the world. Each and every day workers around the world are faced with different health hazards, like dusts, gases, noise, vibration, extreme temperature and many more. It is very unfortunate that some employers take little responsibility for the protection of the workers and their health and safety. Actually some employers have no idea that they have the ethical and legal responsibility to protect their workers and due to this lack of knowledge and attention given to health and safety and hazards, work-related accidents and diseases are common throughout the world. (Your health and safety at work, n.d.) Map 1: Maplecroft Global Map of Health and Safety Risk 2011 http://human-rights.unglobalcompact.org/media/v_hr_solutions-20110825_121354/hr_solutions/images/global/health_and_safety.jpg 4.6.2 Safety and Health at Work in Relation to Sri Lanka Activities relating to occupational safety and health (OSH) in Sri Lanka are operated through priority outcome 2, Enhanced labour administration and promotion of equitable employment practices of the Decent Work Country Programme for Sri Lank 2008-2012. As occupational Safety and Health deals with the safeguard of the most valuable and indispensable human asset of any country, its workforce which includes not only the wage employment but all the working population who engages in some kind of self economic activity contributing to national development. According to ILOs estimates, in Sri Lanka about 4,000 accidents are being reported annually and around 600,000 working days each year are lost due to accidents. Since year 1896 till 1950 in Sri Lanka considerations on Occupational Safety and Health was confined to Mines and to the relevant machinery and only extended to Factories under Factory Ordinance to date. These shortcomings in relation to Occupational Safety and Health coverage in the formal sector is a key concern because only 30 percent of the labour force is covered by the statutory provision on OSH. As the government realized the need for wider coverage the state took responsibility to ensure safe and non-exploitative work environment for all Sri Lankans and the Ministry of Labour Relations and Manpower embarked on formulating new legislation with technical assistance from ILO. As a result the new Safety Health and Welfare at Work Act has been approved by Cabinet now and is expected to be presented to Parliament for their approval. (Safety and Health at work, Sri Lanka, 2012) 4.7 What is ILO doing about Safety and Health at Work at Present? Since its very beginning 90 years ago the protection of workers lives and health has been a key objective of the ILO. As todays rapidly changing world with its technological change and fast-paced and globalised economy causes new challenges and pressure on all areas of the world of work, especially for occupational safety and health which ILO has made as an integral element in their Decent Work Agenda. The Programme on Safety and Health at Work and the Environment (SafeWork) is ILOs lead unit on OSH which plays an important role in sharing best practices in the field and raising awareness of OSH issues. The four major goals of SafeWork are: Develop preventative policies and programmes to protect workers in hazardous occupations and sectors; Extend the effective protection to vulnerable groups of workers falling outside the scope of traditional protective measures; Better equip governments, employers and workers organizations to address problems of workers well-being, occupational health care and the quality of working life; and Document the social and economic impact of improving workers protection so that it can be recognized by policy and decision makers. (World Day for Safety and Health at Work 2009, 2009) The celebration of Word Day for Safety and Health is an essential part of Global Strategy on ILOs Occupational Safety and Health as they promotes the establishment of a global preventative safety and health culture by involving all stakeholders focusing international attention on emerging trends in the field of occupational safety and health and on the magnitude of work-related injuries, diseases and fatalities worldwide. It is also the day that worlds trade union movement holds its International Commemoration Day to honour the dead and injured workers who were the victims of occupational accidents and diseases they organize worldwide mobilization and campaigns on this date. The world day for Safety and Health at Work held on 28 April every year has become one of the most important international events for promoting OSH. Each year there is a theme which is built on promoting a preventative safety and health culture in the workplace with different sub-themes. Theme of 2012 centers on the promotion of occupational safety and health (OSH) in a green economy as there is a change in the world to a greener and more sustainable economy. In this as the green economy grows it is imperative that safety and health at work are incorporated into green jobs policies. This means that integrating risk evaluation and management measures in the life cycle study of all green jobs. (World Day for Safety and Health at Work in 2012: Promoting safety and health in a green economy, n.d.) ILO has also been actively supporting initiatives in some countries for developing national policies and programmes where else in other countries closely working with their governments to establish national tripartite advisory bodies for OSH. 4.8 Monitoring and Control Processes Adopted by ILO The ILO has developed an amount of comprehensive instruments to promote its work in the field of OSH and most of these international instruments are concerned with specific hazards or specific sectors. The ILO Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 2006 (No. 187) and its accompanying Recommendation (No. 197) describes requirements for countries to promote OSH through national OSH systems and programmes, building a preventive safety and health culture and applying a systems approach to the management of OSH and to make this happen employers, workers and governments all play key roles. Below table shows ILOs Strategic Approach on Occupational Safety and Health C:UsersuserDesktopilo.png There are three main components of the Promotional Framework Convention as per the table. (Refer Appendix 5) ILO has also established a knowledge management hub in the International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre (ILO-CIS) to provide workers and employers with relevant up to date information regarding health and safety issues. The centre supports the ILOs action plan on knowledge and management and international association by being accountable for: Compiling OSH related information and ensuring worldwide access to it Creating and disseminating ILO OSH publications (including the ILO Encyclopedia and related products) Maintaining an international network of national and international OSH institutions. ILOs principle that Decent Work must be Safe Work, SafeWork aims to create worldwide awareness of the dimensions and consequences of work-related accidents and diseases; place OSH on the international and national plans and provide assistant to the national efforts for the development of national OSH systems and programmes in line with applicable international labour standards. 4.9 How it works in China and Indonesia ILO works with governments, workers and employers in China and Mongolia and are strengthening their efforts to prevent accidents and diseases at work by promoting a preventative safety culture via the biennial China International Forum on Work Safety and the observation of World Day on Safety and Health at Work each year on April 28. Also national occupational safety and health systems including legal frameworks, inspections, and occupational accidents and injuries reporting, training and information, and social dialogue are being strengthened in China. ILO has also been promoting a practical training programme on WISE (Work Improvement in Small Enterprises) in SMEs to meet the challenges in China as many young and migrant workers are employed in small and medium-sized enterprises. ILOs safety and health mandate also include helping workers, employers and governments reaction to the challenges created by HIV/AIDS and other health and psychosocial risk. Risk management focuses on prevention and anti-discrimination in the workplace as a key for successful response. In China Safety and health at work is a workers human right and an essential part of people-oriented, safe development plan put forward by their government as a healthy workforce and safe and productive enterprises are part of their sustainable development strategy. (Safety and health at work, Co-Beijing, n.d.) In Indonesia ILO has closely worked with tripartite partners to strengthen national OSH system and to ensure that OSH issues are fully incorporated and covered in all ILOs programmes as a primary part of the ILO Decent Work agenda in Asia. Under ILO-Jakarta all the projects and programmes have a component to make sure that improvement of OSH execution through research and training programmes. In Indonesia also ILOs health and safety mandate includes assisting workers, employers and governments reaction to the challenges faced by HIV/AIDS and by influenza pandemic through its HIV and AIDS programme and Avian Influenza and the Workplace project. In order to realize the goals of Asian Decent Workk Decade ILO is also helping Indonesia develop and apply preventative safety and health culture in workplaces. The Manpower Act No. 13 of 2003 mandated that every enterprise have to apply OSH management system to guard the safety of the workers and to comprehend the best productivity. Within the enterprise the cooperation of workers is essential for the prevention of occupational accidents and diseases. The enterprise policy should also reflect that workers duties in hazard control have as their counterpart the recognition of certain basic rights; particularly workers have the right to remove themselves from danger and refuse to carry out or continue work if they have rational justification and believe that it presents impending and serious threat to the

Anthropology and Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God and

Anthropology and Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God and Jonah's Gourd Vine Zora Neale Hurston described the study of anthropology as a spy-glass, an illuminating lens (1). Anthropology is defined as the scientific study of the origin, the behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural development of humans (2). Through this study and with the aid of an essay defining human nature written by Cardinal Jean Daniello, we can take a closer look at the behavior of the characters in Hurston's novels Their Eyes Were Watching God and Jonah's Gourd Vine. Hurston uses her anthropological lens to create complex characters in these two works. Hurston began her study of anthropology at Barnard College in the 1920s where she concentrated on African American culture and folklore. Hurston became the first African American to chronicle African American voodoo and folklore (1). The publications Mules and Men and Tell My Horse are works that directly incorporate her anthropological field notes on Black folklore and tradition (1). Hurston’s background with anthropology was the foundation for her future fiction writings. The title of her first novel, Jonah’s Gourd Vine, reflects Hurston’s passion for storytelling and folklore because it is inspired by a biblical story. The story tells of Jonah, who has a beautiful plant growing around him. However, God destroys it because Jonah does not appreciate it and it leads to his fall. Therefore, the story becomes a metaphor for the fall of John Pearson. In the novel, Hurston utilizes the personal experiences with her family to create complex characters in the story. It centers on John Pearson, a man who lusts after many women. John’s desire for women at times appe... ... imply the fixity" that some people want it to. John's behavior is not a product of human nature. What is natural is not an excuse for a person's wrong-doing. No characters in these novels share the same imperfections. Everyone is flawed, but there is still control. Under Hurston's anthropological lens, one can better understand her complex characters and their motivations in these stories. Works Cited 1) American Feminist for Anthropology. "Zora Neale Hurston." April 10, 2005. http://sscl.berkeley.edu/~afaweb/Hurston%20Bio.htm. 2) www.dictionary.com 3) Danielou, Cardinal Jean. "Does Human Nature Exist?" April 10, 2005. http://www.ewtn.com/library/THEOLOGY/NATEXIST.htm 4) Hurston, Zora Neale. Jonah's Gourd Vine. HarperCollins Publisher: New York, 1990. 5) Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. HarperCollins Publisher: New York. 1998.

Illusion and Delusion in Conrad’s Lord Jim : A Tale Essay -- Joseph Co

Don Quixote Rides Again: Illusion and Delusion in Conrad’s Lord Jim: A Tale â€Å"‘You are an incorrigible, hopeless Don Quixote. That’s what you are.’† (Conrad 1946b, 44) Fifteen-year-old Konrad Korzeniowski (Joseph Conrad) heard these admonitory words from the lips of his tutor, a Krakowian college student instructed by his maternal uncle (Tadeusz Bobrowski) to talk his nephew out of his eccentric desire to become a seaman. The link between young Conrad’s desire to become a sailor and the renowned knight of La Mancha is not a casual one. In his writings, Conrad generalises the particular case of his vocation for the sea by pointing to the reading of romances of adventure as the cause prompting young men to join the maritime profession. Thus, for instance, in the autobiographical work in which the words of dear tutor are quoted (A Personal Record) Conrad refers to Victor Hugo’s Toilers of the Sea as his â€Å"first introduction to the sea in literature.† (1946b, 72) In â€Å"Tales of the Sea† (1898) ––an earlier piece written at a period in which he was already engaged in the composition of Lord Jim: A Tale–– Conrad speaks of how Frederick Marryat and James Fenimore Cooper, the creators of sea fiction, â€Å"influenced so many lives and gave to so many the initial impulse towards a glorious or a useful career†. (1949, 56) Later essays like â€Å"Well Done† (1918) or â€Å"Geography and Some Explorers† (1924) highlight the role played by romances and books of exploration in triggering young men’s desire for a life of adventure at sea, Conrad’s included. In the latter he calls Nà ºÃƒ ±ez de Balboa, Tasman, Torres, Cook or Franklin â€Å"the first grown-up friends of my early boyhood† and states that their nautical feats were an inspiration for him. ... ...Facts! They demanded facts for him [Jim], as if facts could explain anything!† (Conrad 1946c, 29) This disavowal of the value of facts sounds is an anomalous one to hear coming from a third-person narrator which, traditionally, was supposed to occupy the objective position of a view from nowhere specifically. It is important to add that such a statement is made in Chapter 4, at the end of which the third-person narrator gives the floor to Marlow, a first-person narrator subjectively involved in the story he is telling. 11 Needless to comment on the connection between hepatic diseases and alcoholism. 12 It may be argued that the doctor’s irony and laughter are a sign of nervousness and a symptom of the loss of consistency of his self-representation as derived from a scientific practice whose solidity is equally eroded by the engineer’s atypical hallucinations.

Possible Effects Of Global Warming Essay

If the global temperature swells by another 7 degrees, then it may result in melting of polar ice which may result in about a 3 to 4 foot increase in sea levels. If such thing happens, then many low lying areas in the world especially Bangladesh, Netherlands, Guam, Indonesia, Maldives and Sri Lanka could be engulfed by sea waters. Increase in global temperature may trigger the spread of dreadful diseases like Malaria, Virus fever, dengue fever and other sub-tropical diseases. Ever increasing temperature may upset weather patterns all over the world , causing starvation due to drought in prime food –producing regions namely South Asia , sub-Saharan Africa and tropical Latin America. Due to unprecedented increase in temperature, the whole gamut of species of animals and plants could be wiped out. 7. MAJOR PLAYERS OF GLOBAL WARMING: U. S. A is not only a foremost economy of the world but also the largest consumer of fossil fuels and naturally, it is the biggest producer of greenhouse gasses, comprising of more than 20% of the world’s carbon dioxide emission which is about 5 billion metric tons. Being the most industrialized economy, U. S. A is heavily depending on coal, oil and natural gas for its energy needs and hence U. S. A government is rather reluctant to initiate any appropriate steps to limit the greenhouse gas emissions and charges that Arrhenius theory is only a myth. U. S. A is averse to initiate any immediate action restraining the use of fossil fuels or to limit such use as they fear it would have long term effect on its economy. According to Global Climate Change Coalition, an industry group which is vehemently opposing prescribing mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions as it would result in the ruining of economy. Further , a study pursued by the coalition group forecasts that if U. S. A pursues some measures on restricting its greenhouse gas emission , then it would result about a 3% decline in U. S gross domestic product by 2010, resulting in a fall of 25% in the growth rate of American’s standard of living. Fig 1: Source: Pew Centre on Global Climate Change, December 2004. 8. PREVENTIVE MEASURES: An international treaty namely ‘The Kyoto Protocol ‘was adopted in Kyoto, in Japan in 1997 mainly to curb the emissions of greenhouse gasses. The Kyoto Protocol has prescribed mandating limits on carbon emissions which took effect in 2005 nearly after eight years of it was introduced. Regrettably, U. S. A, the world’s top carbon emitter has yet to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. Some Energy companies and economists have proposed to introduce taxing carbon as an enticement to tempt both the industries and consumers to use low carbon emitting fuels. Gases like Chlorofluorocarbons [CFC] are man made ones and this gas was used as propellants in aerosol containers, as refrigerants and also being used as a solvent in the manufacture of computer chip. It has been discovered that CFC were mutilating the stratospheric ozone layer thereby permitting majority of the sun’s destructive ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth. The World CFC manufacturers have agreed to phase out their production of CFC by signing 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone layer. It is to be observed that the man made gasses like CFC is damaging the Ozone layer only very little and the major culprit is the carbon dioxide. Further felling the trees also contribute the level of CO2 high in the atmosphere as green trees helps to remove the gasses from the atmosphere or to maintain equilibrium. During the May 2005, New Zealand had introduced â€Å"carbon taxes’ mainly to dissuade excessive use of carbon oriented fuels. Thus, New Zealand had imposed about 6% to home electricity consumption and 9% for business energy cost. By 2012, all signatories to Kyoto Protocol should reduce their GHG emissions to less than 5% which is below 1990 levels. Likewise, The European Union had introduced a regional cap –and-trade policy to make it convenient for high emitting EU countries to oblige. 9. ADVANTAGES OF LIMITING THE EMISSION: Some U. S industries, though initially opposed to prescribe caps on emission, later considered that the stricter policy as not only environmentally essential but also potentially advantageous to economy since it will push for the invention of new technologies. Further, Title IV of the 1992 Clean Air Act demanded industries and utilities to minimize their sulfur dioxide emissions which are released by burning coal. Many companies who have exceeded their target sold their excess allowances to some companies that fall short of complying the above provision. Thus, a market in sulfur dioxide allowances materialized. The trading of these excess allowances is being conducted on the Chicago Board of Trading along with the markets for agricultural products and pork belly futures. 10. THE METHODOLOGY OF GREENHOUSE WARMING EARTH’S SURFACE: The greenhouse phenomenon is nothing about carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases discharged into the Earth’s atmosphere will trap solar heat and such trapping will warm the earth’s surface and earth’s lower atmosphere. The greenhouse gas emission effect has been explained in the following diagram: FIG 2: EFFECT OF GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSION: Source: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 11. CRITICS ARGUMENT AGAINST FINDINGS: Some critics like Sallie Baliunas who is Harvard University’s astrophysics argue that in the past century alone, there was an increase of just 0. 5 degree Celsius and not more than a 10 to 20 % of a degree could have been caused by human-made greenhouse gases. According to Baliunas, the 0. 5 to 1. 5 degree Celsius warming foretold by the computer simulations overstates the greenhouse effect created by the equivalent 50% buildup of carbon dioxide. Some critics argue that IPCC disclosure that there is a perceptible human influence on global climate† tosses the finding itself into air. Some critics vehemently lament that sea-level surge predictions are embellished as the temperature in polar region would still remain below freezing. Some points out those supporters have projected an illusion that global warming would result in the spread of malaria and mosquito oriented diseases. Supporters of global warming have forgotten to take into account the advanced technology available as on date like air-conditioning, mosquito repellents and mosquito coils and modern medicines have completely eradicated Malaria from the soil of U. S. A and substantially in other countries. Likewise, critics assailed a report forecasting that algal blooms amplified by warming waters would cause cholera was disparaged as unfounded one by the evidence. 12. IPCC’s FINDINGS ON GLOBAL WARMING: United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC] has made the following revelations about global warming; ? There will be an increase of 15 to 90 centimeters in sea levels or by 6 inches to 3 feet by the year 2100. This mainly due to raising global warming which will melt polar ice sheets and the glaziers and there will be an expansion of water due to its getting warmed. ? Global warming will result in increase of extremely hotter days and there will be shrinking of cold days in general. ? There will be drastic change in weather pattern causing havoc floods like Katrina and some provinces will be engulfed by famine or droughts. ? There will be an intensity of rainfall as scientists would not predict whether severe storms and tropical cyclones would transform the intensity and location. If the sea level increases from half –foot to three feet level , then that would extensively flood the areas like parts of south Florida and southern Louisiana and would create an wide-ranging infrastructure changes in cities like Texas , Dallas , S. C , Charleston and some extent New York City. Further, regional warming trend over the past five decades has made ice shelves along the coast of Antarctica to crumple. Some supporters of the global warming argue that people would be benefit from climate change. According to World Climate Report, warmer climate will pave the way for opening up Siberia and northern Canada suitable for agriculture production, increase the rainfall globally and minimize the perils of winter driving. According to World Climate Report magazine that global warming would usher more advantages and these advantage will overtake its disadvantages. Imagine a warmer climate in poles, Siberia and in Netherlands. It would drastically reduce the energy consumption on heating, reduced clothing expenses, transportation will be less problematic and overall death rates would be at a lower level. Plants absorb the carbon dioxide through their leaves, employ it in the process of photosynthesis and then emit oxygen. Thus, the oxygen released by plant is taken up by the animals for their existence. Thus, carbon dioxide released by animals is returned to atmosphere and once again taken up by the plants as well as by oceans that envelop the Earth’s surface. 13. FUTURE ACTIONS TO BE PURSUED: United States, China and India are the three countries which have to be involved for the long-term reduction and these countries are not part of Kyoto’s Protocol first round. Since United States is not a signatory to the Kyoto’s Protocol, cutting emissions below 1990 level would be impossible to achieve. 14. ALTERNATE ENERGY: Wind energy is being employed in a large capacity in Germany and in a substantial way in countries like India, Denmark U. S, and Spain. As of today, wind energy is growing in a fast space due to technological advancement. It is to be observed that wind energy does not harm the environment and does not generate any greenhouse gases or atmospheric emission. Wind energy is named as renewable energy as it is replenishable and depends upon the sun as it is a form of solar energy. Hence, as long as sun is there, wind energy can be harnessed without any limit. Tidal energy is being harnessed to manufacture electricity also. A tidal power plant is in operation on the Rance River, an estuary of the English Channel in northwestern France since summer 1966. Tidal power plants will be most effective if the difference between high and low tides is enormous, as in Rance estuary, it is estimated that the difference is around 8. 5m or about 28 feet. Nuclear energy is a clean, competent and cost effective energy of the future. Some argue that though the nuclear energy is costly but it can be tolerated as it is a very efficient form of energy. For example, when set of uranium fuel rods is fitted in a nuclear reactor, it needs not to be replaced for many years. Further, uranium is available in plenty and its supplies are assured for many centuries ahead. As compared to fossil fuel based power plants , nuclear power plants does not emit toxic gasses in the atmosphere which ultimately responsible for global warming. It is to be remembered that a nuclear power plant does not pollute either the atmosphere or the water as compared to a coal-fired power plant.

Health and Safety Assignment Essay

Question 1 The first statement is correct as lead is a highly intoxicated substance that can cause damage, especially in young children. There are many symptoms to lead poisoning which include: irritability, loss of appetite and nausea, headaches, unexplained abdominal pain, muscle aches, constipation, learning problems, short attention span, easily distracted, mental retardation and behaviour problems including aggression and impulsivity. As seen in the statement â€Å"this is disturbing because it has been well established that lead causes reduction in IQ scores, shortened concentration spans, hyperactivity and learning difficulties even when lead is present at very low levels in the blood† , it can be agreed that having lead in one’s system can cause damage to one’s concentration and learning abilities. Research has shown that raised levels of lead can lower a child’s IQ by 4-5%. see more:explain how to promote health and safety within the social care setting With regards to the second statement â€Å"painted toys with high lead levels have been found in major toy stores, as well as supermarkets, stationary stores, craft shops and craft/flea markets. These toys were both locally produced and imported†, it can be agreed on as lead can be found in many old housing and furniture pieces. It is also of great urgency that when purchasing toys and furniture from garage sales, internet, second-hand-stores etc. that one takes precautions in checking that there is not any lead as some may contain lead based paint, a simple way of knowing if it does is to buy a test kit to determine if lead based paint is present. Question 2 For a baby and toddler unit I would consider: Indoor: * Non-breakable mirrors to learn to see themselves. * Wooden cars for improving gross motor skills. * Rattles to improve their movement. * Plastic telephones to practise their speech. * Simple puzzles to improve their knowledge. * Large wooden beads to string to improve on their hand eye co-ordination. Outdoor: * Balls to improve on gross motor skills * Jungle gym to improve on their climbing abilities. For children aged 3-6 years I would consider: Indoor: * Puppets to improve on their dramatic skills. * Dress-up clothes to teach them the different type of career choices. * Art materials to improve their creative minds. * Books and puzzles to improve on their knowledge. Outdoor: * Tricycles and bikes to improve their balancing skills. * Jungle gyms to improve climbing. * Sand pits to do sensory knowledge, (touch and feel) Question 3 The way in which one would ensure that equipment which you purchased does not cause lead poisoning is by reading the labels on the purchased equipment making sure there is no lead contained in it, try prevent buying used toys and equipment from garage sales, internet, second-hand-stores as many old items may contain lead based paint. It is also advised that children go for screening to make sure no lead is present. Children are encouraged to practice regular hand washing and to keep their hands and other objects away from their mouths. Question 4 Birth – 4 months: at this stage the child eats, sleeps, cries rolls off flat surfaces and wriggles. They are hazardous to burns, falls, sharp objects and suffocation. 4 – 12 months : at this stage the child grasps and moves around as well as putting objects in their mouths. They are hazardous to burns, poisoning, falls and drowning. 1 – 2 years : at this stage the child is able to investigate, climb, open doors and takes thing apart. They are hazardous to being in contact with gates, windows and doors as they might get injured with their investigation minds, fingers might get stuck in door etc. also water is hazardous as they may drown, traffic as they now know how to walk. 2 – 3 years: at this stage the child is interested in fires, tires to do things by themselves and gets very impatient. They are hazardous to dangerous objects and burns. 3 – 6 years: at this stage the child lies to explore, climb, riding tricycles, rough games. They are hazardous to poisons and burns, falls and injuries, drowning and traffic. 6 – 10 years : at this stage the child like spending time away from home, active sports. They are hazardous to firearms, injuries from sports and drowning. Through this we can conclude that every one of these ages is vital as the developmental level can affect children’s safety and health and that they should never be left unsupervised and parents should know what to do in an emergency. Question 5 Air-borne transmission include in illnesses such as chickenpox, common cold, fifth disease, measles, mumps and tuberculosis. The measures one would take in these instances would be to identify the child with the illness and send them home, with antibiotics, the child should not be allowed to return to school until fully recovered. All these illnesses and the limitations of the spread apply to all age groups ( birth to grade 3) The faecal-oral route include cholera, rotavirus and ascariasis, can be spread through water, food and poor sewage, to limit the infection one needs to make sure water is clean, food is cooked properly and sewage is flushed away. Food only obtains to children who can eat solid foods, thus not referring to birth to 12 months. Direct and indirect include illnesses such as pinkeye, hand foot and mouth disease, cold sores, lice and ring worms. The measures one would take in these instances would be pinkeye: antibiotic treatment and sent home, continuous hand washing, hand foot and mouth disease sent home for several days and continuous hand washing. A cold sore child can stay at school but must was hands frequently. Lice, child should be sent home until lice is gone, hair must be washed with medicated shampoo. Ring worms, child should stay away from gyms, pools or activities where can be exposed and should use a fungal ointment. These limitations would all be considered to all age groups ( birth to grade 3 ) however gyms, pools etc would only obtain to the older children grade 1 – 3. Blood illnesses include AIDS and hepatitis B, the measures one would take for AIDS is excluding child of 0-5, and prevent anyone from touching the child blood, handle blood with surgical gloves, seal up blood infected items and disinfect surfaces with bleach. Hepatitis B one would also use precautions when handling blood and frequent hand wash is advised. REFERENCE: Marotz, L, 2009. Health, safety and nutrition for the young child. 76de uitgawe. Clifton park, NY: Thomason Delmar Learning

Biology Sensitivity Lab Report

To investigate the effect of skin sensitivity In response to cold temperature in different parts of the body by timing the maximum amount of time in which Ice-pack can be held to that area. Hypothesis: If the layer of skin Is relatively thin, the nerve response to cold will be the fastest, Increasing the skin's sensitivity. This therefore means that the fastest responses to cold will be in the face, and specifically the nose.The skin consists of 3 main layers; the epidermis, dermis and hypodermic (also known as the subcutaneous). The epidermis consists of dead and nearly dead skin cells which protects us from injury, infections, fluid loss†¦ Acting as a barrier. The Dermis is the skin layer which contains most of the nerve cells, hair follicles, sweat glands and many others. The Hypodermic layer is not really a skin layer, it attaches the skin to everything else; it contains the fat layer.The layer of fat in the nose's hypodermic is very thin in relation to other parts of the bo dy which will make the nerves detect the change in temperature on the surface the fastest, therefore bringing upon the response In less time. Variables: Independent variable: The part of the body (area of skin). Dependent variable: The maximum amount of time the ice-pack can be held to the skin (Using a stopwatch).Controlled variables: * The same height group (1 55-CACM) * The same weight group (45-keg) * The same age group (15-20) * The same sex (female) * The same temperature of the Ice-pack (placed In the freezer for 5 hours) * The same surrounding temperature (20-ICC) The same body temperature (3709 ; The same material used in the icepack( plastic and gel) ; The same size and thickness of the icepack (medium sized) Fair test: This experiment is considered to be a fair test because I think that most of the rabbles that can manipulate the results in any way other than the variable which I want to manipulate which is area of skin being tested, for example the height group and age g roup are controlled which ensures that the layer of fat in different people is similar due to these characteristics. Materials: * 3 ice-packs of the same temperature * Stopwatch * Thermometer * A long table Method: 1 . Place 3 identical icepacks in the freezer for 2 hours before starting the 3. Take their temperature making sure it is around ICC (If not change one of the people to one with all the requirements including temperature). 4. Make the person lay on the table on her back. 5.Take out one of the icepacks from the freezer. 6. Place the icepack on the thigh and time the time needed for the person to reach his limits with the cold. 7. Repeat the above step for the other body parts (Upper arm, belly, forearm, forehead and nose). 8. Replace the ice pack in the freezer again and take out another one. 9. Repeat the experiment on the same person another time. 10. Replace the second ice pack and repeat the step above with the third icepack. 11. Replace the ice pack in the freezer. 12 . Wait for an hour to regulate the temperature of the ice packs in the freezer. 13. Repeat steps 3-10 for the second female. 14. Record the result throughout the whole process. 15.The results are not completely constant though since the belly normally has more fat than the upper arm, but since the belly was covered with a shirt beforehand this led to tampering in the reliability of the experiment which is noninsured a source of error. The thermo receptors face's skin is the most responsive to temperature changes; the forehead had an average response time of 17 seconds. I came up with an average for each person's tree trials first, and then I came up with a final set of data for the average of all 6 trials on the two people. I came up with the final average by adding up all the 6 results from the several trials and divide them by 6 giving us a final result that we can work with to draw conclusions about our results and their reliability. Data presentation: Conclusion:My main conclusi on from this experiment about skin sensitivity in different areas in response to cold temperature changes is that the skin on the nose is the most affected. This is because of two things, the main reason being the layer of fat on the nose is a lot thinner than the layer of fat on other parts of the body like the thigh and the second reason being that thermo receptors which are the nerve cells which respond to temperature changes in the surrounding are highly concentrated in the face area so the fastest responses would therefore surely be from the face, explaining the fastest two reactions; nose (an average of 9 seconds) and forehead (an average of 17 seconds). This supports my hypothesis since that was my initial thought regarding the experiments' results due to scientific research.My results are highly valid since they make sense and are backed up with concrete scientific reasoning. The face brought upon the fastest responses followed by the belly and the arm. The belly has a thick er layer of fat than the arm; this is where my results got a bit mixed up since the people tested were wearing shirts which warmed them up fore starting which brought a faster response due to the bigger gap in change of temperature. The thigh had the slowest response time of an average of 163, which is logical since the thigh has the thickest layer of fat between the areas tested. Evaluation: In general I think my method was pretty valid since I controlled all the factors and explained the method in which I did.In my method I also showed steps of finding the average for the data collected which makes my results more reliable since they become more accurate. I also made the person getting tested to lie on a flat surface o that the icepack would be even on her body and won't move or fall down. Sources of error: 1 . The skin temperature was not constant all over the body since the belly for example was covered with a shirt. 2. The Ice-pack got warmer, so the last tests were less reliab le. 3. The pressure applied to the ice-pack was altered and not completely constant. 4. The difference between the reaction time of the forehead Improvements: 1 . The test should only be performed on parts of the body exposed completely, not the ones covered with clothes.

Research paper Essay

Research topic Increase In tourism In Samoa Introduction Samoa has become an increasingly popular tourist destination in the Pacific Islands due to its natural beauty. Positively, the tourism industry has been beneficial for Samoa economically but it also has its disadvantages which affects the environment and our culture. This research will aim to identify and describe three impacts as a result of the Increase in tourism In Samoa. It will further discuss the measures that have been taken to address these Issues as well as the consequences. The Information collected for this research will be used as supporting references to my answers which were composed from an interview with the management of Le Lagoto Resort, a report from the Central Bank of Samoa and the use of internet sources relevant to this research. Impact of the increase in tourism to the environment Samoa is well known as a tourist destination for its natural and undisrupted environment which attracts people overseas resulting in an increase of tourist arrivals. The promotion of our country is advantageous but at the same time it has negatively Impacted our environment through air and sea pollution. For example, a tourist to travel to Samoa requires travelling on an airplane and travel to Savaii earns transportation by boat. Due to transportation needs to get to a destination these transportation methods are required. Therefore, the more flights travelling to Samoa will mean air pollution which contributes negatively to global warming. On the other hand, the ferry that travels between Savaii and Upolu Island operating six times a day contributes to sea pollution which affects our marine life which most locals depend on for food and as a source of income. Furthermore, car rental companies holiday. This increase in vehicle use also contributes to air pollution but also results n damaging our road infrastructure. An increase in tourism results in a high demand for resorts to build more rooms to accommodate guests. Locally owned beach falls are built using local timber from our natural resources or cutting down trees which in effect diminish bird and wild life creatures such as bats. Moreover, cutting down these trees for infrastructural use also results in soil erosion which removes minerals in the soil required for vegetation growth. Impact of the increase in tourism to our social & cultural values Tourist arrivals to Samoa consists different people travelling from overseas such as New Zealand and Australia, Just to name a few. These people have their own culture, values and a different way of life compared to our Samoan culture in which the â€Å"infusion of tourist and locals can disrupt local traditions and cultures†2. For instance, the Siva Samoa or traditional dance has for some time now been incorporated together with other actions influenced by famous international moves that we see on the television. Also, we lose some of our cultural values when associated with â€Å"plagues† or Europeans as we get caught up or interested in their culture especially the influence in clothing is very obvious. On the other hand, social relationships are formed between locals and tourists when they interact. However, in extreme cases where sexual interaction occurs between a tourist and a local, it may lead to diseases such as HIV Aids which is very common nowadays. Furthermore, tourists travelling individually may encourage local women into prostitution by offering them money for sexual favors which is demeaning and unacceptable in the Samoan community. Impact of the increase in tourism to Samoa’s economy Tourism has become one of Samoa’s main revenue earners with still 95% of our tourist industry locally owned. Samoa saw an increase in tourism earnings for the month of March according to the latest Tourism and Remittances Report from the Central Bank of Samoa which shows that tourist arrivals were Just over 9,000, a 25 percent increase from the previous month. 3 The higher arrivals in the month under review reflected increases in all the main source markets, particularly, Australia and New Zealand, though there was a drop in travelers from the United States. It was also noted that ‘Samoa hosted several regional conferences and workshops during March and total tourism revenues rose 22 percent to 23. million tala; 7 percent higher than the same time last year’. 4 â€Å"Increase in tourism helps create employment for a large number of unqualified workers from the traditional sectors in the developing countries†5 such as Samoa. This statement is a fact as according to the interview I conducted with Gabriella of Le lagoto Resort. During their busy season they hire more employ ees which are mainly from the neighboring villages of and with the majority having low level of qualifications and minimum skills in the industry which leads to customer dissatisfaction and complaints. This result in tourist’s not returning back to Samoa which reduces the number of tourist arrivals. However, having employment offered to the local community has contributed in them earning an income to support their families’ livelihoods. Secondly, it has also generated income for the people managing tourist attraction sights which are locally owned. For example, the Swimming with the turtle’s attraction is owned and those who want to swim and see the turtles. Moreover, due to the increase in tourists there is also an increase in demand from resorts for supplies of local vegetables and rusts to meet their guest’s dinning needs. According to the interview, it was stated that Le purchases their produce mainly from the villagers with plantations instead of buying supplies from the main island to provide an income, as most locals are not employed due to the lack of business and industrial Jobs within the area. MEASUREMENTS In regards to maintaining a clean environment in Samoa, the Samoa Tourism Authority has implemented the Samoa Beautification scheme. This measurement is aimed at improving the cleanliness of Samoa and its environment which is an attraction to people from overseas. Generally, the Samoa Tourism Authority awards the villages with the most outstanding cleanliness which is an incentive for the village community. In addition, other policies have been taken to address other environmental issues, such as the village communities marking or preserving certain areas for marine conversation which is seen along villages along the coast of Savaii. Moreover, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment has also restricted certain forest areas for cutting down trees in order to maintain habitats for species. Other measures include restrictions by village communities such as preventing rubbish rom being dumped in our oceans and burning rubbish in open areas which causes pollutions. Furthermore, the Samoa Tourism Authority has helped in addressing training requirements for the tourism industry sector in order to improve skills and knowledge in the hospitality trade. For example, APTC has offered assistance to most industry employees for customer service, and chef trainings. Other trainings include bringing in specialists in the tourism industry from overseas to provide further knowledge on how to maintain the standard of tourism in Samoa. These trainings and conferences have made it possible for locals to obtain further knowledge and specific skills that benefit the tourism industry of Samoa. Moreover, our culture and people also promotes Samoa, it is obvious that our cultural heritage is preserved through different ways. For example, our Siva Samoa or Samoan cultural performances are show cased by resorts and hotels during their flavor nights. In addition, activities such as showing tourists how to husk a coconut, how to make a usu, how to weave mats promotes the Samoan way of life. In my opinion concerning the environment, I think that planning is necessary to address environmental issues as this will help preserve our natural resources. For erosion and depletion of our wild life creatures can be addressed through enforcing laws by mates or high chiefs in the village. Air and sea pollution can also be reduced if tourist arrivals decrease as this means less flights operating. In relation to social and cultural issues affected by the increase of tourism, some measures should be undertaken to prevent tourists from performing unacceptable acts or behavior while in Samoa. For example, if we look at countries in Asia, tourists are the main customers for prostitution centers; although it is legal in these countries it still does not portray a good image of this country. However, these types of acts will certainly not be accepted in Samoa, a country with strong values and good morals in which we hope to maintain in the future. In regards to employees with low qualifications and no skills in the industry, Gabriella stated that they address this issue through on the Job training by our assistant manager. Another method used to address this problem has been implemented by the Samoa Tourism Authority through their industry training delivered in the workplace programs. This includes the Signature Cocktail and Bartender Competition to be held during Teuila Festival which will help improve bartenders services for hose employed at resorts and hotels.